Mini-Unit 1 Review (The Renaissance & The Scientific Revolution)

Europe became insignificant in the world

What happened during the Middle Ages?

Roman Catholic Church and the Pope

Kings, nobles, and peasants were local, de-centralized, and lived in service and fear of the…

God and the Church

Everything (education, celebrations, wars, medicine, laws, etc.) in the Middle Ages revolved around…

Arabs (Abbasid Caliphate), Mongols, and the Crusades

Provide the three ways classical texts returned to Europe during the 14th and 15th century.

Florence and Venice

Which two city-states became the center of the Italian Renaissance?

Center of Commerce and Papacy (through Ancient Christian and Greek texts)

Why were the Florence and Venice so important?

Merchants and the Crusaders

Who returned with Ancient Christian and Greek texts to Florence and Venice?

Francesco Petrarch, Niccolo Machiavelli & Leonardo Bruni

There were three primary writers that profoundly emphasized modes of thought:

Profession and Theology

What two themes dominated European education in the Middle Ages?

Divinity, Morality

What are two themes that dominated European literature in the Middle Ages?

Petrarch

Who was one of the first Renaissance figures to challenge Medieval thought and was one of the first to read and study the Classics?

Being well-rounded (art, philosophy, science, and rhetoric (language))

What was classical writing and education based on?

Regular Life (not religion)

Writers like Petrarch were profoundly influenced by these Classical texts and their emphasis on:

Life was not determined by behaving or acting Christian

Since most Greek and Roman writers predated Christianity…

Life of the individual, and developing a well-rounded set of knowledge and skills

Classical writers and knowledge were far more focused on the…

Renaissance humanism

This emphasis on being well-rounded in multiple subjects is referred to as…

the study of the humanities (art, philosophy, history, etc.)

What is Renaissance humanism?

Emphasizes the value and agency of human beings utilizing critical thinking & evidence

What is the philosophy of humanism?

Humanism

What term is used to describe education that emphasizes the studying of the humanities?

Art, Literature

What are two examples of humanities subjects that were not studied in the Middle Ages?

Literature, art, and politics (governments)

Renaissance humanism not only changed education, but its impact was also seen in…

Were based on God or some sort of invincible hero (also usually tied to God)

Traditionally, all stories, songs, and poems…

Moral issues of the individual in sonnets (poems)

Petrarch dismissed the idea of perfect human heroes or Christian morality and focused on…

Love, hate, admiration, and sadness, painting a far more realistic picture of what life is like

What did Petrarch’s works consist of?

Giovanni Boccaccio

Who created the Decameron?

Moral dilemmas people have to deal with as prostitutes, criminals, and regular people rather than being perfect or heroic

What was the Decameron about?

Secular political life, the individual, and Classic knowledge

What did the Renaissance emphasize and focus on?

The Bible and St. Augustine’s Writings

What Classical Christian texts were read in Northern Europe by Renaissance thinkers?

Aristotle and St. Augustine’s Writings

Provide two sources of classical texts that returned to Europe during the Renaissance

Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More

Name two Northern Renaissance thinkers that read the Classical Christian texts?

Highly dependent on the pope, and religious rituals, traditions, & relics

During the Middle Ages, Christianity had become…

An individual spiritual life and relationship with God

What did Northern Renaissance thinkers focus on?

An emphasis on regular human life and religious themes (mostly personal relationships with God)

What is characteristic of the Northern Renaissance?

Erasmus in the Praise of Folly and Thomas More in Utopia

Two Christian humanists and their works embodied the Northern Renaissance movement:

Guiding moral philosophy—not a stern set of rules and traditions

Christianity should serve as a…

simony, indulgences, nepotism

Provide three major corruptions of the Church during the Middle Ages / Renaissance.

Northern Humanism

What is the term used to describe the trend of religious reform ideas in northern Europe?

The Church had drifted from the true intentions and beliefs of Christianity

Renaissance thinkers and ideas began questioning the Church itself and its power and claimed…

Ought to rule as a just and moral Christian

In the Middle Ages, politics were ruled by the idea that a king, prince, noble, etc…

An effective ruler would use whatever means necessary to obtain and maintain a kingdom

What did Machiavelli argue about rulers?

It can be just, unjust, brutal, violent, loving—whatever, as long as it works

According to Machiavelli, how should politics be like?

The corrupt Church, and the pope in particular, should not be involved in European politics

What did Jean Bodin argue?

A strong, centralized government that controlled their own taxes and politics with no Church involvement

What did Jean Bodin advocate for?

Civic Humanism

The questioning of the corrupt Church and emphasis on secular political life without Church interference spawned a new movement:

Be involved in the community

Intellectuals advocated that not only should people seek a well-rounded education, but they should also…

Leonardo Bruni

Name one person that advocated for proactivity and Civic Humanism

Voting, participating in politics, and discussing issues and reforms

How can one be proactive in a community?

Classical figures or themes, geometric perspective, individualism, regular people

Provide four new features of Renaissance art.

Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael

Provide three famous Italian Renaissance artists.

Brunelleschi

Provide a famous Renaissance architect.

Mona Lisa, Sistine Chapel, Anatomy Lesson, David

Provide four famous pieces of Renaissance art.

We the issues and ideas that dominate and define a specific era, time, or generation

What could we do with visual and literary art in history?

Emphasis on the individual and regular people rather than God & Use of Classical figures, architecture, and style

Name two characteristics that separate art in the Renaissance period from the Middle Ages.

Classic figures (Aristotle, Cicero, Plato, Socrates, etc.), and style of architecture (marble pillars and buildings)

What did Renaissance art begin to include more often?

Detail and effort

With this emphasis on regular people and individual life, ______ were emphasized in visual art

Portrayal of real, 3-D characters, with shading, shadows, and expressions as normal human bodies showcase

What is geometric perspective?

Regular people in regular situations

Art began to show ______ instead of Godly or heroic figures.

Leonardo da Vinci’s The Mona Lisa

Rembrandt’s Anatomy Lesson

What two pieces are an example of portraying regular people?

Hiring Renaissance artists to paint, sculpt, etc., as a demonstration of wealth and/or power

Renaissance art became so popular that it started what new trend?

The Catholic Church itself

_______ also hired Renaissance artists to sculpt and design religious statues and buildings

Michael Angelo’s (sculptor and painter) Sistine Chapel

Filipo Brunelleschi’s architecture, such as the Cathedral in Florence

What are two famous examples of patron art?

Paint themselves or their family in the geometric, regular-person style

Princes, merchants, and other patrons (buyers) hired artists to…

Greco-Roman Logic

One of the ideas reborn in European society during the Renaissance was a concept known as…

Skepticism: to doubt and question things previously accepted as ‘true’

What did Greco-Roman knowledge consist of?

Telescopes, microscopes, vacuum pump, and thermometers

Provide four new inventions in the 16th century that allowed effectively test ideas:

Ptolemy’s idea of the universe

Galen’s work on human anatomy

Aristotle’s idea of gravity (and pretty much everything else)

Provide three thinkers whose ideas were brought into question:

Copernicus

Who, in the 15th Century, challenged the heliocentric model of the universe?

They were dismissed by the Church as heretical and went unknown by most people

What happened to Copernicus’s ideas of the universe?

Galileo

Who invented the telescope in the 15th century?

Galileo

Who confirmed Copernicus’s ideas of a geocentric universe?

He was wrong; all objects fall at the same speed (minus resistance)

What did Galileo discover about Aristotle’s theory of gravity?

Vesalius

Who found that Galen’s theories of anatomy were incorrect?

William Harvey

______ later discovered that the body functioned universally in humans as an integrated system

A combination of skepticism and proof: that you should doubt anything that could not be proven by mathematics, repeatable experimentation, or observation

What is the Scientific Method?

The Scientific Revolution

What is the change in thought process in proving what is true called?

Established a set of laws for the universe based on testing/mathematics known as Newtonian physics

Thinkers like Isaac Newton in the Scientific Revolution…

Define the universal laws & Designed and developed calculus

What did Newton contribute in the Scientific Revolution?

An object’s velocity remains the same unless acted upon by an unbalanced force

What is Newton’s first law of motion?

Force = Mass \* Acceleration

What is Newton’s Second Law of Motion?

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

What is Newton’s Third Law of Motion?

Inductive Reasoning & Deductive Reasoning

New methods for recognizing testable patterns included:

Using evidence, patterns, and observations supply strong evidence for the truth

What is Inductive Reasoning?

Francis Bacon

Who contributed to the creation of Inductive Reasoning?

Using logical deduction to make a certain, logical conclusion

What is Deductive Reasoning?

Rene Descartes

Who contributed to the creation of Deductive Reasoning?

They began to publicly fund scientists to ‘figure out’ the universe

What did the government and monarches do during the Scientific Revolution?

An organization of scientists whose job and lives were dedicated to questioning, developing, and testing new ideas

What are Royal Societies?