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Europe became insignificant in the world
What happened during the Middle Ages?
Roman Catholic Church and the Pope
Kings, nobles, and peasants were local, de-centralized, and lived in service and fear of the…
God and the Church
Everything (education, celebrations, wars, medicine, laws, etc.) in the Middle Ages revolved around…
Arabs (Abbasid Caliphate), Mongols, and the Crusades
Provide the three ways classical texts returned to Europe during the 14th and 15th century.
Florence and Venice
Which two city-states became the center of the Italian Renaissance?
Center of Commerce and Papacy (through Ancient Christian and Greek texts)
Why were the Florence and Venice so important?
Merchants and the Crusaders
Who returned with Ancient Christian and Greek texts to Florence and Venice?
Francesco Petrarch, Niccolo Machiavelli & Leonardo Bruni
There were three primary writers that profoundly emphasized modes of thought:
Profession and Theology
What two themes dominated European education in the Middle Ages?
Divinity, Morality
What are two themes that dominated European literature in the Middle Ages?
Petrarch
Who was one of the first Renaissance figures to challenge Medieval thought and was one of the first to read and study the Classics?
Being well-rounded (art, philosophy, science, and rhetoric (language))
What was classical writing and education based on?
Regular Life (not religion)
Writers like Petrarch were profoundly influenced by these Classical texts and their emphasis on:
Life was not determined by behaving or acting Christian
Since most Greek and Roman writers predated Christianity…
Life of the individual, and developing a well-rounded set of knowledge and skills
Classical writers and knowledge were far more focused on the…
Renaissance humanism
This emphasis on being well-rounded in multiple subjects is referred to as…
the study of the humanities (art, philosophy, history, etc.)
What is Renaissance humanism?
Emphasizes the value and agency of human beings utilizing critical thinking & evidence
What is the philosophy of humanism?
Humanism
What term is used to describe education that emphasizes the studying of the humanities?
Art, Literature
What are two examples of humanities subjects that were not studied in the Middle Ages?
Literature, art, and politics (governments)
Renaissance humanism not only changed education, but its impact was also seen in…
Were based on God or some sort of invincible hero (also usually tied to God)
Traditionally, all stories, songs, and poems…
Moral issues of the individual in sonnets (poems)
Petrarch dismissed the idea of perfect human heroes or Christian morality and focused on…
Love, hate, admiration, and sadness, painting a far more realistic picture of what life is like
What did Petrarch’s works consist of?
Giovanni Boccaccio
Who created the Decameron?
Moral dilemmas people have to deal with as prostitutes, criminals, and regular people rather than being perfect or heroic
What was the Decameron about?
Secular political life, the individual, and Classic knowledge
What did the Renaissance emphasize and focus on?
The Bible and St. Augustine’s Writings
What Classical Christian texts were read in Northern Europe by Renaissance thinkers?
Aristotle and St. Augustine’s Writings
Provide two sources of classical texts that returned to Europe during the Renaissance
Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More
Name two Northern Renaissance thinkers that read the Classical Christian texts?
Highly dependent on the pope, and religious rituals, traditions, & relics
During the Middle Ages, Christianity had become…
An individual spiritual life and relationship with God
What did Northern Renaissance thinkers focus on?
An emphasis on regular human life and religious themes (mostly personal relationships with God)
What is characteristic of the Northern Renaissance?
Erasmus in the Praise of Folly and Thomas More in Utopia
Two Christian humanists and their works embodied the Northern Renaissance movement:
Guiding moral philosophy—not a stern set of rules and traditions
Christianity should serve as a…
simony, indulgences, nepotism
Provide three major corruptions of the Church during the Middle Ages / Renaissance.
Northern Humanism
What is the term used to describe the trend of religious reform ideas in northern Europe?
The Church had drifted from the true intentions and beliefs of Christianity
Renaissance thinkers and ideas began questioning the Church itself and its power and claimed…
Ought to rule as a just and moral Christian
In the Middle Ages, politics were ruled by the idea that a king, prince, noble, etc…
An effective ruler would use whatever means necessary to obtain and maintain a kingdom
What did Machiavelli argue about rulers?
It can be just, unjust, brutal, violent, loving—whatever, as long as it works
According to Machiavelli, how should politics be like?
The corrupt Church, and the pope in particular, should not be involved in European politics
What did Jean Bodin argue?
A strong, centralized government that controlled their own taxes and politics with no Church involvement
What did Jean Bodin advocate for?
Civic Humanism
The questioning of the corrupt Church and emphasis on secular political life without Church interference spawned a new movement:
Be involved in the community
Intellectuals advocated that not only should people seek a well-rounded education, but they should also…
Leonardo Bruni
Name one person that advocated for proactivity and Civic Humanism
Voting, participating in politics, and discussing issues and reforms
How can one be proactive in a community?
Classical figures or themes, geometric perspective, individualism, regular people
Provide four new features of Renaissance art.
Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael
Provide three famous Italian Renaissance artists.
Brunelleschi
Provide a famous Renaissance architect.
Mona Lisa, Sistine Chapel, Anatomy Lesson, David
Provide four famous pieces of Renaissance art.
We the issues and ideas that dominate and define a specific era, time, or generation
What could we do with visual and literary art in history?
Emphasis on the individual and regular people rather than God & Use of Classical figures, architecture, and style
Name two characteristics that separate art in the Renaissance period from the Middle Ages.
Classic figures (Aristotle, Cicero, Plato, Socrates, etc.), and style of architecture (marble pillars and buildings)
What did Renaissance art begin to include more often?
Detail and effort
With this emphasis on regular people and individual life, ______ were emphasized in visual art
Portrayal of real, 3-D characters, with shading, shadows, and expressions as normal human bodies showcase
What is geometric perspective?
Regular people in regular situations
Art began to show ______ instead of Godly or heroic figures.
Leonardo da Vinci’s The Mona Lisa
Rembrandt’s Anatomy Lesson
What two pieces are an example of portraying regular people?
Hiring Renaissance artists to paint, sculpt, etc., as a demonstration of wealth and/or power
Renaissance art became so popular that it started what new trend?
The Catholic Church itself
_______ also hired Renaissance artists to sculpt and design religious statues and buildings
Michael Angelo’s (sculptor and painter) Sistine Chapel
Filipo Brunelleschi’s architecture, such as the Cathedral in Florence
What are two famous examples of patron art?
Paint themselves or their family in the geometric, regular-person style
Princes, merchants, and other patrons (buyers) hired artists to…
Greco-Roman Logic
One of the ideas reborn in European society during the Renaissance was a concept known as…
Skepticism: to doubt and question things previously accepted as ‘true’
What did Greco-Roman knowledge consist of?
Telescopes, microscopes, vacuum pump, and thermometers
Provide four new inventions in the 16th century that allowed effectively test ideas:
Ptolemy’s idea of the universe
Galen’s work on human anatomy
Aristotle’s idea of gravity (and pretty much everything else)
Provide three thinkers whose ideas were brought into question:
Copernicus
Who, in the 15th Century, challenged the heliocentric model of the universe?
They were dismissed by the Church as heretical and went unknown by most people
What happened to Copernicus’s ideas of the universe?
Galileo
Who invented the telescope in the 15th century?
Galileo
Who confirmed Copernicus’s ideas of a geocentric universe?
He was wrong; all objects fall at the same speed (minus resistance)
What did Galileo discover about Aristotle’s theory of gravity?
Vesalius
Who found that Galen’s theories of anatomy were incorrect?
William Harvey
______ later discovered that the body functioned universally in humans as an integrated system
A combination of skepticism and proof: that you should doubt anything that could not be proven by mathematics, repeatable experimentation, or observation
What is the Scientific Method?
The Scientific Revolution
What is the change in thought process in proving what is true called?
Established a set of laws for the universe based on testing/mathematics known as Newtonian physics
Thinkers like Isaac Newton in the Scientific Revolution…
Define the universal laws & Designed and developed calculus
What did Newton contribute in the Scientific Revolution?
An object’s velocity remains the same unless acted upon by an unbalanced force
What is Newton’s first law of motion?
Force = Mass * Acceleration
What is Newton’s Second Law of Motion?
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
What is Newton’s Third Law of Motion?
Inductive Reasoning & Deductive Reasoning
New methods for recognizing testable patterns included:
Using evidence, patterns, and observations supply strong evidence for the truth
What is Inductive Reasoning?
Francis Bacon
Who contributed to the creation of Inductive Reasoning?
Using logical deduction to make a certain, logical conclusion
What is Deductive Reasoning?
Rene Descartes
Who contributed to the creation of Deductive Reasoning?
They began to publicly fund scientists to ‘figure out’ the universe
What did the government and monarches do during the Scientific Revolution?
An organization of scientists whose job and lives were dedicated to questioning, developing, and testing new ideas
What are Royal Societies?
Note 
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