nazi germany

Article 231

War guilt clause, Germany takes blame

WW1 reparations

£6.6 billion

Weimar constitution introduced …?

Proportional representation, % of votes= % of seats

November criminals

Weimar politicians blamed for signing armistice, brought humiliation to German people.

Rentenmark

Nov 1923, Introduced by stresemann, ended hyperinflation

Hyperinflation

1923, Germany failed to pay 2nd installment, France and Belgium invade ruhr, passive resistance, print money

Dawes plan

1924, 800 million gold mark loan from USA

Young plan

1929, reduced reparations down from £6.6million to £1.8million. And gave longer to pay.

Golden years

1924-1929, growth in culture, art, film, theatre, more freedom, less censorship.

Nazi beliefs

Fascism, anti-semitism, nationalism, anti-communism, hate treaty

Munich putsch

1923, Hitler tried to seize power by marching through Munich with nazis. Failed. Hitler arrested. Taught Hitler that he needed to gain support through democratic means

How did the nazis gain support from the wall street crash

1929, led to mass unemployment 6.1million, starvation and homelessness abundant, factories and businesses shut. Dissatisfaction with weimar. Pushed people to extremist parties, nazis.

How did nazi propaganda gain support

Normalised nazi ideas through posters, speeches, rallies and films.

Hitler became chancellor

1933, von papen convinced president hiddenburg to appoint Hitler chancellor

Reichstag fire

Feb 1933, reichstag building burns down in Berlin, 6 days before March elections. Marinus van der lubbe (communist) claims to arson. Hitler claimed communist uprising- creating common enemy.

Protection law

1933, reichstag fire allowed Hitler to pass protection law. Banned communists from government.

Enabling act

1933, allowed Hitler to make decisions without the reichstag for 4 years.

Night of the Long knives

1934, SS shot at SA, killing rohm (leader of SA). Hitler felt threatened, rohm wanted to take control of German army. German army grateful to Hitler. Gained support and eliminated internal opposition.

How did Hitler remove political opposition

Banned other parties, violence, prisons, merged roles of chancellor and president.

Gestapo

1933 gestapo formed. Secret police. Tapped phones, spied, reported anti-nazi talk, arrested opponents.

Concentration camps

Arrested Jews, gays, criminals, anti-nazis

RAD

Reich labour service. Nazi work program for young men to reduce unemployment, promote discipline.

Kinder, kuche, kirche

“Children, church, kitchen” nazi ideals for women

Kristallnacht

9-10th Nov 1938, 267 synagogues burned, 7500 businesses destroyed, 100 Jews killed, 30000 Jews arrested. Tuning point.

Nuremburg laws

1935, 2 racial laws used to segregate Jews and aryan Germans.

1. Law for the protection of German blood and honour

Banned marriages and sexuak relations between Jews and non Jews.

2. Reich citizenship law

Only those of German blood were considered German citizens. Jews lost their citizenship.

Impact of nuremburg laws

Jews legally excluded. Treated as outsiders.

Navy laws

1898-1912, laws passed by kaiser wilhelm II to expand German navy. Extreme debt. Contributed to war debt, caused uneasy relationship with government.

Ladder of prejudice

Speech, avoidance, discrimination, physical attack, extermination

Mothers Cross award

Women awarded for having children. Bronze= 4-5, silver= 6-7, gold=8+

Hitler became fuhrer

1934, after death of president hindenburg, merged chancellor and president. Fuhrer= “leader”. Marked beginning of nazi Germany.

DAF

German labour front, may 1933. PURPOSE= control, replace trade unions, ensure workers served nazis. DO?= removed workers rights, stikes banned, set wages (no negotiations). Longer working hours. (1933=43hrs/week) 60+hrs/week. Wages remained low compared to previous depression levels. Membership fees (compulsory, monthly pay to DAF). RESULTS= total control over workers. No strikes, no disruption. Reduced unemployment. NEGATIVES longer hours for less or same pay, worsening conditions, no real representation, no freedom to change jobs without state permission after 1935.

SdA

Beauty of labour, 1934. AIMS= improve working conditions, encourage productivity, increase work morale. DO?= better lighting, plumbing, canteens, reduce factory noise, anti smoking campaigns. Over 29000 workplaces improved (1934-1939). NEGATIVES= employees forced to pay for it and expected to carry out construction for free outside working hours. RESULTS= sold nazi dream,

KdF

Strength through joy, 1933. AIMS= loyalty and happiness, entertainment. Control leisure time. DO?= cheap holidays (cruises to Norway trips to alps) by 1938 10 million had taken a kdf trip. Volkswagen scheme= workers could pay into a saving programme to eventually own a volkswagen beetle, 5 reichmarks a week. Nobody ever received a car. Money was directed to rearmament.