Biology Chapter 8: Chromosomes and Human Genetics

Flashcards covering key terminology and concepts from Chapter 8 on chromosomes and human genetics.

Karyotype

A photograph of a cell’s chromosomes with homologous chromosomes paired.

Gene therapy

A technique for correcting abnormal genes responsible for disease development.

Autosomes

Homologous chromosomes that are exactly alike in length, shape, and genes they carry.

X-linked

Genes located on the X chromosome, often affecting male and female phenotypes differently.

Genetic carriers

Individuals who carry a genetic disorder allele but do not have the disease.

Homozygous

Having two identical alleles at a locus on homologous chromosomes.

Heterozygous

Having two different alleles at a locus on homologous chromosomes.

Chromosomal abnormality

Any change in the chromosome number or structure compared to the species' typical set.

Sickle cell disease

A recessive genetic disorder that affects red blood cell shape and function.

Punnett square

A diagram used to calculate the probability of inheriting specific traits.

Recessive genetic disorder

A disorder that is expressed in individuals who are homozygous for a recessive allele.

CRISPR

A gene-editing tool that allows scientists to cut and modify DNA sequences.

Pedigree

A chart that shows the genetic relationships among family members over generations.

XSCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency)

An X-linked disorder leaving individuals without an effective immune system.

Allele

An alternative form of a gene at a given locus on a chromosome.

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an individual, determining specific traits.

Phenotype

The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an individual.

Dominant genetic disorder

An inherited disease caused by a dominant allele, affecting individuals with AA or Aa genotypes.

Mutation

A change in the DNA sequence that may lead to genetic disorders.

Diploid cell

A cell containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.