respiratory system

what separates the nasal cavities from oral cavity ?

hard plate

what separates the nasal cavities from cranial cavity ?

frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid bones

what are the 4 paranasal sinuses called ?

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary

which paranasal sinus is the largest ?

maxillary

role of paranasal sinus

produce mucus, reduce weight of skull, increase resonance of voice

where are the paranasal sinuses located ?

lateral wall and roof of nasal cavities

the pharynx is continuous with the…

oesophagus

posterior apertures of nasal cavities open into the…

nasopharynx

the posterior opening of the oral cavity opens into…

the oropharynx

the superior aperture of larynx opens into…

laryngopharynx

role of hyoid bone

anchorage point for several muscles and ligaments

what is distinct about the hyoid bone ?

no articulation with other skeletal elements

the hyoid bone is connected to what 3 structures ?

floor of oral cavity, larynx, pharynx

where is the larynx positioned ?

anteriorly in neck C3 - 6

connects inferior pharynx with trachea

how many cartilages make up the larynx ?

9 - 3 single, 3 paired

role of epiglottis

prevents food entering trachea

the cricothyroid muscles are innervated by…

external branch of superior laryngeal nerve

role of intrinsic laryngeal muscles

adjust length and tension of vocal folds

the space between the vocal folds is called

rima glottidis

when breathing the vocal folds appear…

further apart (open)

adductors

bring folds together - tense

abductors

pull folds apart - relax

where is the trachea positioned within the neck ?

medial

how does the trachea provide rigidity ?

C shaped hyaline cartilage rings maintain airway potency

the trachea is connected posteriorly by what muscle ?

trachealis

at what point does the trachea birfurcate into L and R bronchi ?

angle of louis - T4/5

what vertebrae does the trachea run between ?

C6 abd T4/5

what lies lateral to the trachea ?

common carotid arteries and lobes of thyroid

what is the order of branches in the tracheobronchial tree ?

primary bronchus, secondary lobular bronchi, tertiary segmental

alveoli cover the surface of…

respiratory bronchioles

how many lobes does the right lung have ?

3

horizontal fissure

across

oblique fissure

at diagonal

the apex of the heart sits where in terms of the lungs ?

in cardiac notch

lingula

“tongue” of left inferior lobe

what is a hilum ?

depression or fissure where structures such as blood vessels and nerves enter an organ

what vessels enter the lungs ?

pulmonary arteries - deoxygenated

pulmonary arteries originate at…

pulmonary trunk

what vessels exit the lungs ?

pulmonary veins

bronchiole veins join to form…

azygous vein

role of pleural sac

aids optimal functioning of the lugs during breathing

what layer of the pleura is adhered to the lungs ?

visceral

what layer of the pleura lines the inner aspects of chest wall ?

parietal

why is the pleural space labelled as a potential space ?

under normal circumstances no actual space present - both pleura in contact