EVERYTHING BAEL 1-7 UNIT VOCAB AP WORLD

Abbasid Caliphate

The Islamic empire that ruled from the 8th to 13th centuries; its fragmentation in the 12th-13th centuries led to the emergence of new Islamic political entities.

Confucianism

A philosophical and ethical system based on the teachings of Confucius that emphasized social hierarchy, filial piety, and proper conduct, used by Chinese dynasties to justify their rule

Dar al-Islam

The Islamic world or the lands under Islamic rule and cultural influence.

Delhi Sultanates

Muslim sultanates that ruled parts of the Indian subcontinent, establishing Islamic political authority in South Asia.

Grand Canal

Chinese thing built in 7th century under the Sui Dynasty designed to link South and North China

Heian Japan

Golden Age of China during 800

Imperial Bureaucracy

A centralized system of government administration used by empires like the Song Dynasty to organize and control state functions.

Monasticism

The religious practice of Buddhist monks and nuns living in monastic communities devoted to spiritual discipline and the study of Buddhist teachings.

Qing

The final imperial dynasty of China (1644-1912) that marked a transition in political and economic elites in China.

Safavid

A Persian Islamic empire that ruled from the 16th to 18th century and was predominantly Shi'a Muslim.

Shi'a

A branch of Islam whose followers believe in the spiritual authority of the Imams and emphasize the line of succession from the Prophet Muhammad.

Sunni

The largest branch of Islam, whose followers accept the Sunna (teachings and practices of the Prophet Muhammad) and the authority of the caliphs.

Atlantic Slave Trade

The forced migration of millions of Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas to provide labor for colonial economies

Casta System

A hierarchical racial and social classification system in the Americas that categorized people by ethnic and racial ancestry used as a exploitative method to get Latin Americans to work for the spanish

Chattel Slavery

A labor system in which enslaved people are treated as property that can be bought, sold, and inherited.

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and other goods between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres following European contact with the Americas.

Seljuk Empire (Turks)

A major Muslim state and empire that ruled parts of Asia Minor, the Levant, and Persia during the medieval period.

Serfdom

A feudal system in which peasants were bound to the land and owed labor and obligations to a lord.

Song Dynasty

A Chinese dynasty that ruled from 960-1279 CE and utilized Confucianism and imperial bureaucracy to maintain its authority.

Cultural Synthesis

The blending and integration of African, American, and European cultures, beliefs, and practices resulting from contact and interaction through the Atlantic trading system.

Sufis

Islamic mystics and spiritual teachers who played a key role in spreading Islam through personal devotion and missionary activities.

Encomienda System

A Spanish colonial labor system that granted colonists control over indigenous peoples' labor in exchange for their protection and conversion to Christianity.

Hacienda System

A large agricultural estate in Spanish America, typically worked by indigenous peoples or enslaved laborers.

Joint Stock Company

Business enterprises in which multiple investors pooled capital to finance exploration and trade, used by rulers and merchants to compete in global commerce.

Mercantilism

An economic system where nations accumulate wealth through trade surpluses and the acquisition of precious metals, with government regulation of commerce to benefit the state.

Ming Dynasty

a Chinese imperial dynasty that ruled from 1368 to 1644, known for its cultural, political, and economic achievements as well as for its significant maritime exploration. The dynasty established a period of stability and prosperity in East Asia.

Russian Boyars

Members of the old Russian aristocracy who held significant political and economic power before centralization under the monarchy.

Capitalism

An economic system combining industrial production with capitalist principles, where private individuals and companies own and control the means of production for profit.

Chinese Exclusion Act

U.S. legislation that restricted immigration and naturalization of Chinese people in the United States during the late 19th century.

Coerced Labor

Forced labor systems in which workers are compelled to work against their will, including serfdom and other forms of unfree labor.

Commodities

Raw materials or goods that are produced and traded in large quantities, such as opium, cotton, palm oil, and copper.

Convict Labor

The forced labor of convicted criminals, used as a form of coerced migration to colonies and penal settlements.

Dutch East India Company

A private trading company that controlled territories in Indonesia and Southeast Asia before Dutch government takeover.

Economic Imperialism

The practice of using economic pressure, control of trade, and business influence by industrialized nations to dominate and exploit less developed regions rather than direct political control.

Indentured Servitude

A labor system in which workers, particularly Chinese and Indian migrants, were bound by contract to work for a specified period in exchange for passage and subsistence.

Internal Migration

Movement of people within a country or region, often from rural areas to cities.

Opium Wars

Military conflicts between Britain and China in the 19th century fought over the trade of opium, resulting in British economic and political advantages in China.

Rubber Extraction

The commercial harvesting of rubber from trees in tropical regions, particularly in the Amazon and Congo basin, for export markets.

Transoceanic

Long-distance ocean travel across the Atlantic and other major bodies of water that connected the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

Zulu Kingdom

A state formed in Southern Africa that resisted European colonial expansion in the 19th century.

Communist Revolution

A violent or rapid political upheaval resulting in the establishment of a communist government and restructuring of society along communist principles.

Ethnic Cleansing

The systematic forced removal of ethnic, racial, or religious groups from a given area, with the intent of making the society ethnically homogeneous.

Astrolabe

An astronomical instrument used for navigation and determining latitude by measuring the position of celestial bodies.

Banking Houses

Commercial institutions that provided financial services including money lending, currency exchange, and credit to merchants engaged in trade.

Camel Saddle

A specialized equipment designed to carry cargo on camels, enabling more efficient transport of goods across desert trade routes.

Diasporic Communities

Groups of merchants and settlers from one region who established themselves in distant locations along trade routes, maintaining their own cultural traditions while interacting with local populations.

Ibn Battuta

A muslim traveler during the 14th century and travelled to many Muslim states

Indian Ocean Trade

The interconnected system of maritime trade routes and commercial connections centered on the Indian Ocean that linked Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.

Interregional Trade

Commercial exchange of goods across vast geographic distances, connecting multiple continents and regions during the early modern period.

Mali Kingdom

A West African empire that expanded during the medieval period and played a major role in facilitating trans-Saharan trade and communication networks.

Marco Polo

Venetian merchant who travelled along the Silk Road and connected Europe to China

Mongol Khanates

The regional divisions of the Mongol Empire, each ruled by a khan and representing distinct territorial and political units.

Swahili Coast

A region of East Africa along the Indian Ocean where city-states developed as major trading centers

Silk Road

Major trade routes connecting East Asia, Central Asia, and the Mediterranean world, facilitating the exchange of goods, technologies, and ideas from c. 1200-1450.

Songhai Empire

A major West African empire that dominated the region from the 15th to 16th centuries, known for its control of trans-Saharan trade routes

2nd Industrial Revolution

The period in the second half of the 19th century characterized by new production methods in steel, chemicals, electricity, and precision machinery.

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who started the idea of Communism in his book “Wealth of Nations”

Communism

A political and economic ideology advocating for a classless society where resources and means of production are collectively owned.

Feminism

A movement advocating for women's rights and equality between genders in political, social, and economic spheres.

Enlightenment

An 18th-century intellectual movement emphasizing reason, empiricism, and new ways of understanding the natural world and human relationships.

Industrial Revolution

The period of rapid industrial growth and social change, roughly from 1750 to 1900, characterized by the shift from agrarian economies to industrial production.

Laissez-faire

An economic system based on minimal government intervention in the economy, allowing market forces and individual self-interest to drive production and distribution.

Liberalism

A 19th-century ideology emphasizing individual rights, representative government, and limits on governmental power.

Meiji Era

The period of Japanese history (1868-1912) marked by rapid modernization, industrialization, and the emergence of Japan as a regional power.

Fascism

An authoritarian ideology emphasizing national power and state control, used by totalitarian governments to mobilize resources for war.

Genocide

The deliberate and systematic attempt to destroy an entire ethnic, religious, or national group of people.

Imperialism

The policy and practice of extending a country's power and influence over other territories and peoples, typically through colonization and military force.

League of Nations

A group of nations designed to bring peace to Europe but failed.

Mexican Revolution

A major uprising in Mexico that arose from political crisis and challenged the existing political and social order in the early 20th century.

Mobilization

To organize and prepare populations, resources, and military forces for war.

Nazism

The fascist regime of Adolf Hitler, characterized by aggressive expansion and militarism that led to World War II.

Totalitarian Regimes

A system of government that exercises complete control over all aspects of public and private life.

Zheng He

Chinese explorer who commanded seven expeditions

Bureaucracy

A centralized system of government administration used by empires like the Song Dynasty to organize and control state functions.

Manchu

A land-based empire that expanded in Central and East Asia during the period 1450-1750.

Mughal

A land-based empire that expanded in South and Central Asia during the period 1450-1750.

Ottoman

A major Islamic empire that ruled from the 14th to early 20th century and was predominantly Sunni Muslim.

Devshirme

The Ottoman system of recruiting young boys from conquered territories to serve as elite military and administrative officials.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement beginning in the 16th century that challenged Catholic Church authority and led to the establishment of Protestant churches.

Nationalism

A political ideology emphasizing loyalty to one's nation and the desire for national independence and self-determination

Simon Bolivar

18th/19th century Latin American military officer

Social Contract Theory

A political theory developed by Enlightenment philosophers describing an agreement between individuals and government to establish legitimate authority.

Socialism

A political and economic ideology advocating for collective or state ownership of resources and means of production, with the goal of reducing economic inequality.

Transnational Business

Large-scale commercial enterprises that operate across multiple countries and engage in international trade and production.