ASCI 321 - Exam 5

What are the functions of the label?

Communication (manufacturer to consumer), indicates quality, identifies the product, and identifies the nature of the product

What are two components that can be found on a label?

The information panel (front) and the principal display panel (PDP) (back or side)

What is true of the principal display panel (PDP) and the information panel?

They are each required to contain specific information, and may contain optional information that can be included as well

What is required on the principal display pane?

The product name, net quantity statement, and product identity

What accurately describes the product name?

It provides a descriptive description of the name of the product and is particularly important if it contains ingredient names (must follow very specific rules as regards wording)

What is true of the product name of a label?

It may be confusing to customers and some customers may feel deceived in the way products are named

What is true of the name “100% tuna for cats?”

Tuna should be the only ingredient in the ingredient list

What are the exceptions to the “100% tuna for cats” label?

Preservatives, vitamins, minerals, and nonnutritive additives

What is the single ingredient rule?

A rule in which the ingredient must comprise at least 95% of the product (Not including water added for processing), such as beer for dogs and tuna cat food, and including water must comprise 70% of the product

What is an example of an ingredient list for the single ingredient rule?

Ingredient list: beef, water, etc.

What accurately describes the combination of ingredients rule?

Two ingredients must comprise at least 95% of the product, such as chicken and liver dog food, and the first must be predominant

What is true of the combination of ingredients rule?

It only applies to animal origin ingredients as plant ingredients are not included, such as “lamb and rice dog food” being required to contain 95% lamb

What products does the “dinner” rule apply to?

Dinner, supper, platter, formula, entree

What is the “dinner” rule?

A rule that states that a feed must contain at least 25% of the named ingredients

What are the “dinner” rules for two ingredients?

The first must be predominant, the named ingredients must comprise 25%, plant ingredients may be included, and it must contain at least 3% of each ingredient

What is the “with” rule?

A rule that states that a feed must contain at least 3% of the named ingredient, such as dog food with tuna, and 3% of each of any combination of ingredients, such as cat food with salmon and rice

What is the flavor rule?

A rule stating that a feed must contain a source of flavor that is detectable (such as beef flavored dog food), and may include either a source of the flavor (beef meal) or digest/flavoring

What three components are required on the principal display panel?

Product name, net quantity statement, and product identity

What accurately describes the net quantity statement?

Identifies the weight of the food in the package, and must be listed in both pound or ounces and kg or g

What is true of product identity?

It must identify if the feed is a dog food, cat food, or “snack/treat” if appropriate

What are some optional choices to add to the principal display panel?

Brand name, nutrition adequacy statement for life stage, “new/improved” or other product attributes, proven, a vignette, comparative claims, negative claims (no soy), light or lean, natural pet foods, premium/super premium, health claims, puffery, or “recommended by veterinarian”

What accurately describes the information panel?

As the part of the label immediately contiguous and to the right of the PDP, it must contain specific required information and typically contains the most important information about the pet food (though it is not always read by customers)

What is required to be on the information panel of a pet food?

The guaranteed analysis, an ingredient statement, daily feeding guidelines, a nutrition adequacy statement, name and address of manufacturer, UPC code, calorie statement, benefits of ingredients/nutrients or other information, and information required by FDA for health-related claim

What accurately describes the guaranteed analysis?

It must guarantee the following nutrient and moisture: crude protein % (min), crude fat % (min), crude fiber % (min), and moisture % (max)

What is the maximum % of moisture allowed in a food?

78% unless a gravy or sauce

What other nutrients may a guaranteed analysis include?

Ash, taurine and magnesium (cat foods), and Ca, P, Na, linoleic acid (dog foods)

What is true when a guaranteed analysis if presented “As fed?”

It makes comparisons between products less accurate so it should be converted to a DM basis

What does correcting moisture content of as-fed allow for?

Comparisons that are equal between diets and provide a means to compare to AAFCO/NRC

How is the % Nutrient (DM basis) calculated?

% nutrient (as fed) / % DM in food

In Alpo Chop House Roasted Chicken Flavored Canned Dog Food, it contains 82% moisture and 8% protein (as fed). What is the crude protein amount on a dry matter basis?

44.4% crude protein

How is metabolizable energy (ME) calculated?

[(3.5 x CP) + (8.5 x fat) + (3.5 x CHO)/100

How may you calculate CHO by difference?

CHO (NFE) = 100 - (% moisture + % CP + % fat + % crude fiber + % ash)

What are the general ash assumption, if not provided on the label?

1% for canned diet, 3.5% for semi-moist diet, and 4.5% for a dry diet

A little bites indoor complete diet contains: 25% crude protein, 9.0% crude fat, 4.5% crude fiber, and 4.5% ash (assumed). What is the value for CHO (NFE)?

45%

Given that Little Bites Indoor has 25% crude protein, 45% CHO, and 9.0% crude protein, what is the ME content?

3.21 kcal/g (as fed)

What accurately describes the statement?

Made on an “as fed” basis, it is expressed on a “kilocalories (same as calories on food labels) per kilogram” and is required to express the calories in familiar household units (for example, “per cup” or “per can”)

How may you roughly compare the caloric content values between a canned and a dry food?

Multiply the value for the canned food by four

What accurately describes the ingredient list?

It should be listed in descending order of predominance by weight, ingredients must be listed in the official named defined by AAFCO, and items should be listed even if not directly added (antioxidants in fat)

How is weight determined for an ingredient list?

In the form that the ingredients are added including the inherent moisture content of the ingredient

What does this represent: Animal feeding tests using association of American feed control officials (AAFCO) procedures substantiate that Purina Puppy Chow Complete Nutrition Formula provides complete and balanced nutrition for all life stages.

A nutrition adequacy statement

What accurately describes the nutritional adequacy statement?

“Complete and balanced” that provides life stage/physiological state (all life stages, growth and maintenance, growth, gestation, and lactation)

How is the nutritional adequacy statement established?

Three ways: test product by feeding trial, meet profile, and a member of a product family

What is true of animal feeding trials and the nutritional adequacy statement?

As the best method, tests must follow AAFCO feeding trial protocols with strict testing guidelines, and state on bag: animal feeding tests using AAFCO procedures substantiate that (product) provides complete and balanced nutrition for…”

What is true of “meet profiles” and nutritional adequacy statements?

Says they are formulated to meet an established profile (AAFCO) with no animal testing performed and analyze diet samples to verify composition; state on bag: “(Product) is formulated to meet the nutritional levels established by the AAFCO (dog/cat) food nutrient profiles.”

What is true of “member of a product family” and nutritional adequacy statements?

Family (a group of products for which a “lead” member is tested by feeding protocols) members are formulated to be similar or superior to the lead product

If the label guidelines are not met for a nutritional adequacy statement, what must be stated?

“This product is intended for intermittent or supplemental feeding only.”

What are the exceptions to the nutritional adequacy statement?

Products labeled as “snack” or “treat” as they are understood that they are not intended to be an exclusive source of food

What is true of daily feeding guidelines?

They contain directions as to how much product should be offered with rough guidelines based on ME concentration of the diet, usually for adults at maintenance, and that must be adjusted for physiological state, activity, environment, breed, and individual variation

What is true of the feeding guidelines?

They tend to target higher end of requirements and tend towards overfeeding to both sell more food and to avoid underfeeding (+ cover for variation among animals)

What is true of formulations in petfood production?

They must contains ingredients that provide all essential nutrients, including: proteins (amino acids), vitamins, minerals, and energy

Besides ingredients that provide nutrients, what other ingredients may also be present?

palatants/flavors, antioxidants, preservatives, and colors

What are some factors that should be considered when selecting petfood ingredients?

Nutritional quality, uniform product, appearance, palatability, and shelf life

What are some examples of protein sources?

Meat meals, by-product meals, meat and bone meal, soybean meal, dehydrated egg, and spray dried blood products

What accurately describes animal protein sources?

As sources that have high protein, energy, and mineral content, they are raw material not suitable for human consumption

As animal protein sources are highly variable, what may they originate from?

By-products of meat packing, poultry processing, and fish canning industries

What is true of the quality of animal protein products?

With dependence placed on chemical composition, it can be variable as a result of the mixture of products so proper processing is important

What accurately describes rendering?

The processing of raw material that fractionates raw material into water, fat, and solid with the solid fraction being protein rich

What is true of bacterial and viral contimination in rendering?

It minimizes it with heating (280F) and water removal

What accurately describes meat?

As clean flesh of slaughtered animals, it commonly comes from poultry, cattle, lamb, duck, and fish

What accurately describes rendered poultry products?

Consisting of poultry meal and poultry by-product meal, 3 billions pounds were seen in 2003 and the companion animal industry used 23%

What is true of the use of lamb, duck, and other nontraditional proteins?

It became popular in the ‘80-’90s for treatment of food-related allergies (hypersensitivities) as they were novel protein sources so animals did not have a hypersensitivity to them?

What is true of the use of use of lamb, duck, and other nontraditional proteins today?

Lamb meal is properly not novel anymore, and may diets now use duck, venison, and salmon

What accurately describes meat meals?

Rendered meal made from animal tissues that may contain skeletal muscle, tongue, diaphragm, heart, esophagus, and overlaying fat and portion of skin, nerves, and blood vessels

What may meat meal + meat and bone meal not contain?

Blood, hair, horn, hoof, hide trimmings, manure, and GI contents

What may meat and bone meals include?

Meat meal items and bone

What can meat by-product meals include?

Internal organs (lungs, spleen, kidney, liver, blood, bone, stomach and intestine as long as it is free of contents) and poultry (heads, feet, necks, undeveloped eggs)

What can meat by-products not include?

Feces, foreign material, hair, horns, teeth, hooves, and feathers

What accurately describes feather meal?

Fed to ruminants, it is hydrolyzed clean, undecomposed feathers from slaughter poultry that have poor quality protein that is poorly digested, so it is not used in companion animal diets

What are the advantages of animal protein sources?

They have a good quality AA profile, label appeal, and a good source of fats and minerals

What are the disadvantages of animal protein sources?

They are highly variable in composition and value, and they may contain variable portions of: trimmings, viscera, bone, fat, heads, hair, feed and feathers

What factors can affect the quality of animal protein sources?

Increased collagen/connective tissue decreasing the quality of protein (Decreased EAA:NEAA ratio), and ash content (little effect on protein digestibility)

What animal utilized the most SBM?

Poultry

What are the reasons SBM is used in animal diets?

High protein content, high quality protein, readily available, and inexpensive

What was true of SBM in 1942?

It showed that 20% SBM would meet the dog’s protein requirements in all physiological states

What are the potential health benefits from consuming soy?

Decreased risk of heart disease, improved reproductive performance, improvement in bone mineral loss (symptoms of menopause), and inhibitor effect on breast, prostate, colon, and skin cancer cell growth (isoflavones)

What is the SBM perception in companion animal diets?

Increased stool volume, increased flatulence, and poor quality protein due to OS concentrations

What are the advantages of plant protein sources (SBM)?

Good quality AA profile, readily available, less variation in composition, and less expensive

What are the disadvantages of plant protein sources (SBM)?

Anti-nutritional factors (lectins, tannins, trypsin inhibitors), oligosaccharides (flatulence), SBM fiber (increased fecal mass), and poor quality AA in grain by-products

What accurately describes the anti-nutritional factors in soy?

Trypsin inhibitors (may cause pancreatic hyperplasia), oligosaccharides, and phytate (binds phosphorous and other trace minerals making them unavailable)

What are some other issues with feeding soy?

It has a bland or beany taste, lost in methionine, potential for allergen response, and has increased loss of taurocholic acid in cats (results in higher requirement of taurine)

What is true of the importance of processing to SBM?

It increases the availability of nutrients, increases CP digestibility (69% vs. 80%), and removes some anti-nutritional factors (trypsin inhibitor not oligosaccharides)

What is true of SBM and fecal output?

It increased wet fecal output compared to PBPM and BBM (226 vs. 120 g/d) and increased fecal moisture

What is true of soy flour (CHO)?

It increases water holding capacity in feces

What accurately describes kibble, a type of dry pet food?

It is baked in a sheet and broken into small pieces

What accurately describes biscuits, a type of dry pet food?

It is formed into the desired shape prior to baking

What accurately describes meals, a type of dry pet food?

It is a blend of dried, flaked, and/or granular ingredients

What accurately describes extruded/expanded, a type of dry pet food?

It is cooked under high heat and pressure, then forced through a die

What is true of cooking and pet food?

The digestibility and utilization of dietary starches increases as a result and allows starch to act as a binder

What occurs to the native granular structure of starch with cooking?

It is disrupted by heating in the presence of water, making starch more susceptible to attack by acid and enzmes

What is the process flow for production of an extruded/expanded pet food?

Grinding —> blending/mixing —> extrusion cooking —> drying —> enrobing

What accurately describes hammermills?

They are most commonly used for reducing the particle size of dry ingredients

What is true of grains and other ingredients in particle size reduction (grinding)?

They are shattered by centrifugal force as rapidly rotating blunt metal hammers strike the particles

What is particle size in grinding determine by?

The speed of the hammers and the size of the screen

What is commonly used for blending dry ingredients?

Double ribbon batch mixers

What accurately describes how a double ribbon batch mixer functions?

The inner spirals move the particles away from the center while the outer flights move the product back toward the middle

What are some functions performed by a cooking (High-shear) extruder?

Blending and hydration, cooking (starch is gelatinized and proteins are denatured), forming, and expanding

What occurs to a product as it moves through an extruder barrel?

The ingredients are mixed and particles are hydrates, the pressure, shear, and temperature increase, the granular structure is lost as it becomes a uniform plastic mass, and the product is cooked (starch gelatinized and proteins denatured)

What accurately describes the extruder die?

The product is shaped as it goes through and a rotating knife at the face cuts the product to the desired length

What is true of the product as it goes through the extruder die?

The product expands as it goes from area of high pressure to low pressure

What products given more expansion than high protein products?

High starch products