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Beginnings of Recorded Music
Church. When the Romans took over, Christains created a life of order, heiarchy and stability. The most important musicians were priests, who would sing, lead and write music. AD 200-1300.
Word Root of Monestary
Monasticism- monk- "mono"- alone
Reasons for Monastic Life
Alternative lifestyle to difficult villiage life, or simply "calling" of the holy spirit. They were also a choice for younger sons who did not inheret lands.
Hierarchy of Monestary
Heiarchy of monk, priest, bishop, etc. Women could only truly be nun at most, which was low in rank.
Life of Monk
-Early mornings of prayer and ritual
-Field work, gardening, wine and cheese makers, etc.
-Community Service
Monk Prayer Times
3 am: Matins
5 am: Louds
6 am: Prime
9 am: Tierce
Noon: Sext
3pm: none
6 pm: Vespers
7 pm: Compline
What did the church live for?
The afterlife, as life itself was harsh and dangerous; death was an everyday experience
What did the Church reject?
Festivals, dramatic performers, secular music, instrumental music (except for organ, introduced in 900)
Pope Gregory
(590-604) Legend comes from 800, felt church needed legend to have more power, did not compose all music
What were commonalities of the earliest music?
Unison, continuous, long phrases, only male vocalists, conjunct motion
Chant Characteristics
Vocal, monophonic, non metrical, rhythm according to text, conjunct/stepwise motion, limited range, no dynamic contrast, continuous sound
Chant Text
Bible or non biblical
Syllabic
one note per syllable
Neumatic
Melodic style with two to four notes set to each syllable
Melismatic
many notes per syllable, many vowels
Antiphonal
Alternating choirs
Responsonal
Solosit and choir
Direct
All together
Church Modes
Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian
Dorian
D-D, Final D
Phrygian
E-E, Final E
Lydian
F-F, Final F
Mixolydian
G-G, Final G
Plagal Modes
Hypodorian, Hypophrygian, Hypolydian, Hypomixolydian
Hypodorian
A-A, Final D
Hypophrygian
B-B, Final E
Hypolydian
C-C, Final F
Hypomixolydian
D-D, Final G
Charlemange
King of the Franks from 768 to 814 and emporer of rome from 800 to 814. Ruled over 40 years. Most important leader of the Franks because he unified nearly all Christian lands of Europe into a single empire.
Origin of Chant
From Jewish and Syrian roots, uplifiting spirit, all about spirituality inside church, monophonic, non rhythmic, non metrical, text provided basic rhythm, conjunct, range limitations
Numes
-2 box stacked, read bottom to top
-read 2 notes left to right
-dots are elongations
-iij and ij- repeats
-double bars- break between phrases
-most neumatic, a little melismatic as well
2 Parts of the Mass
Proper and Ordinary
Proper
Text and/or music change according to the saints day or season
Ordinary
Text/music stays the same every mass
5 Sections of the Ordinary
Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei
Kyrie
Lord have mercy
Gloria
Glory to the god the highest
Credo
Believe 1 God almighty
Sanctus
Holy God of hosts
Agnus Dei
Lamb of God
Feudalism
Heiarchy of ranks and privledges
Secular Side Hierarchy
Monarchy>Nobles>Knights/Vassals>Merchants>Peasants
Church Side Hierarchy
Pope>Cardinals>Archbishops>Bishops>Priests>Monks>Nuns>Peasants
Hildegard von Bingen
(1098-1179) writer, visionary, abess of a convent, excelled at creating sequences and liturgical dramas.
Jutta of Sponheim
At age 12, got terrible illness and survived, dedicating the rest of her life to God. She became a spiritual leader and taught Hildegard Von Bingen
Tropes
New addition to pre-existing chant 9-12 centuries, text added most educational and explanatory
Sequences
Elaborate additions, became separate and stood on their own. (ex: Dies irae). However, catholic church got rid of all but 4.
Organum
Earlist form of polyphony, based on chant. Two or more melodic lines simultaneously, each with its own independant interest, could be voice parts about 4 or 5 apart. Slightly different rhythms, introduced meter and notation
Simple/Parallel Organum
Vox principalis, vox organalis
Free Organum
(10th-12th centures) note against note counterpoint
Melismatic Organum
(11-12th centuries) lower chant voice held out in long note values, organal voice in free motion above that
The Ars Antigua
(12th-13th centuries) The old art, Paris cultural center of Christian world, Louvre started as fortification of city, University of Paris great was great intellectual center for Christianity, Notre Dame and Notre Dame school
Clausula
Section during organum where chant voice speeds up
Conductus
newly composed, not based on chant
Motet
Like clausula but with text
Tempus Perfectum
Way of organizing rhythms, subdivision of 3
Leonin
Mid 12th Century, 1150ish. Mentor of Perotin. Wrote 2 voice polyphony. AA
Perotin
(12th-eary 13th centuries) took Leonin's style and added voice layers with original composition. 2 voice parts —>3 or 4 parts AA
Medieval Instruments
Rebec (Lute), Vielle (Violin), Guitarra Morisca (Guitar), Lute, Pipe or Recorder, Shawm (Oboe), Nakers (Percussion)
Estampie
Earliest surviving form of instrumental music dance
Goliard Songs
Latin texts with university poetry and music
Entertainers of MA
Jongeleurs and Vongleuresses, were on the fringe of society like circus performers outside the court
Troubadours and Trobairitz
Southern France (11-13th) welcomed to entertain the court with musical performance
Raimbout de Vaquieras
(1155-1207) composed Kalenda maya (the 1st of May). Became close with Bonaface of Italy → grew from Jongleur to Troubadour. AA
Trouveres
the Northern France version of a troubadour
Minnesingers and Meistersingers
German poet-musicians
Church in the 14th Century
Centered in France, French King vs. Roman Pope (wanted to tax clergy, pope moved to France (1305-1314)
Philip IV of France
enemy of the Pope; wants more state power; moved the Papacy to France (Later Medieval Europe), unified France but was an absolute monarchist
Corruption of 14th Century Church and State
Pope- nepotism, lavish spending, positions for monetary worth
Gov't- war debt, lavish lifestyle, King Philip monarchist
Little Ice Age
Severe weather NE-SW across Europe causing Great Famine, killing IM+ people. 1300-1400
100 Years War
1337-1453 War
-between Edward III of England and Philip VI of France
Black Death
1346-1353 Plague which killed 75-200 million people.
Motet
a short piece of sacred choral music, typically polyphonic and unaccompanied.
Canon
an established set of principles or code of laws, often religious in nature
Tempus Imperfectum
The division of beats into two equal parts instead of three
Felipe De Vitry
(1290-1361) French theorist, composer, poet, diplomat, soldier, worked in courts, wrote pieces in fauvel. Coined Ars Nova. AN
Ars Nova
(new art) style of polyphony from 14th century France, distinguished from earlier styles by a new system of rhythmic notation that allowed duple or triple division of note values, syncopation, and great rhythmic flexibility
Guillaume de Machaut
the most important composer of the 14th century, worked in Paris, wrote sacred and secular compositions.
Unified 4 part polyphonic settings of the ordinary mass (4 voice, melodic interest and independence, same 5 movements of mass). AN
Renaissance
"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome
Martin Luther
a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.
Wrote "Ein Feste Burg" (1529)
Musical Repercussions of Martin Luther
Kept mass and motet but changed singing to chorale; easily sung, etric, slow and even, syllabic, german, eaily harmonized
King Henry VIII (England)
King of England from 1509 to 1547 and founder of the Church of England; he broke with the Catholic Church because the pope would not grant him a divorce.
The Counter Reformation
the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)
Giovanni Pierluigi de Palestrina
1525-1594, felt duty to compose in Counter Reformation, Pope's singer in choir- dedicated to religous music
Palestrina's Gloria
polyphonic, homorhythmic ideas, syllabic entrances, text almost lines up, declamation, women singing
Secular Performers
professionals played for court, town festivals, amateurs played at home
Renaissance Secular Music
lively rhythms, secular text, language of the vernacular, improv and non specified instrumentation
Ars Antiqua Secular Music
Seizing life, love, beauty, and fate.
Notre Dame School
Pioneering French school for Organum. Origin of Gaude Maria Virgo. AA
Gervais de Bus
Clerk who wrote an allegorized poem about the state of the French Monarchy (Roman de Fauvel). It discussed corruption of the church and state, referred to sins including insincere praise, greed, wickedness, unpredictability, envy and lack of moral courage
Story: Beast moves into master's house and becomes ruler of the house. Church and state bow to him, turns out to be antichrist ruining modern world
The Great Schism
One Pope in France, One Pope in Rome
Repeatition
Starting in the early Ars Nova, the popularity of replicating both melodic and rhythmic ideas in a singular work began.
Forms Fixes Rhyme Schemes
Ballade: aabc
Rondeau: ABaAabAB
Virelai: AbbaA
Italian Trecento Rhyme Schemes
Similar to Forms Fixes with Madrigal, Caccia, Ballata).
Francesco Landini
Famous Italian composer who wrote Ecco La Primavera. Lived from 1325-1397. AN/R
Humanism
Humanism is a philosophical stance that emphasizes the individual and social potential, and agency of human beings, whom it considers the starting point for serious moral and philosophical inquiry.
Cantus Firmus Mass
Tenor part unites the sections as the Cantus Firmus
Guillame DuFay
Early composer of Renaissance Music. Belief that church music still needs to be tranquil and include chant and polyphony. Composed L’homme Arme mass (very controversial). R
16th Century Motet
Basis of modern motets. Sacred composition w/Latin Text and sections of imitative polyphony alternating with (often homorhythmic) homophony. Brief sections of polyphony imitated. No set place in liturgy, but could be during offertory, communion, or at end. R
Josquin Desprez
Singer who wanted Expressiveness and Beauty to be a focus of his compositions. Composed Ave Maria… virgo serena. (c. 1440-1521). R.