Historical & Contemporary illustration Final

Final for Historical Illu

Relief Carving

shallowly carved narrative sculpture

hierarchical scale

the importance of subjects is based on their size and/or position

Stele

stone or wooden slab, generally taller than it is wide. Commemorative.

Hellenism

admiration for/imitation of the ideas, style or culture of classical Greek Civilization

Arabesque

rhythmic linear patterns of scrolling and interlacing lines in Islamic art: repetition shows the infinte nature of God

Renaissance

-triangular, stable compositions
- first oil paintings and mathematical perspective
- often comissioned by the church

Scientific revolution

Man is not so special
-comparitive anatomy (man's anatomy is very similar to animals)
- earth moves around the sun
- isaac newton, laws of physics, & gravity

Baroque

dark and scary. Reflects relgious tensions at the time. Catholic church in rome trying to reassert dominance after Protestant Reformation (Spanish Inquisition is happening)

Rococo

cultural center is now France. Frivolous, fanciful, decorative, focus on leisure of aristocrats. Reaction to relgious agenda of baroque

Enlightenment

reason and order valued above all else. Classical antiquity is seen as the height of civilization

Neoclacissism

Reaction to the frivolity of Rococo, aligned with the values of Enlightenment.
-moral stories demonstrated the ethical "superiority" of antiquity
-partly stimulated by the discovery of Roman ruins at Herculaneum and Pompeii

Mandala

a chart, diagram, or geometric pattern that represents the universe

African Art

power, imagination, disregard for anatomy.
Design > Realism

Logogram

a sign or character representing a word or phrase, used in Mesoamerican art

Carpet Page

an illuminated manuscript page covered entirely in decoration

Persian Miniatures

islamic art that did not forbid the human figure

Gutenberg Press

Developed in 1440, dramatically sped up reproduction time for books; beginning of the end of Illuminated Manuscripts

Wood and Copperplate Engraving

main illustration technique for 500 years

Industrial revolution

Began in 1850
beginning of life is based on commerce, mass production, and materialism instead of spiritual & natural beauty

What movements prompted stylistic reactions?

Romanticism
Realism
Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
Arts & crafts movement

What year did Japan open for trade?

1850

Japan opens for trade

japanese woodblock prints, with flat, graphic depictions, open space, planar perspective, and high horizons, spread around the west
-western cultural influence spreads through Japan

Romanticism

reaction to the industrial revolution; a longing for the days of antiquity. Mythological and legendary subject matter with particular regard for the hero and heroine: same time period as Neoclassical art, but very different stories and focus

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

-dismissing the requirements of "fine" art that dominated since Raphael (Renaissance)
-natural detail, every single leaf on a plant; photographic reference
-full picture plane
-Love Ophelia, tragic Romantic Stories

Arts & Crafts movement

believed that hand crafted objects were superior to those made by machine and that rural craftsman had a superior lifestyle to those who slaved in the urban mills and factories.
Handmade > Mass-produced

Currier and Ives

Lithographic Print producing company that chronicled life in teh 19th century

Reading Industry

During Victorian Times, the decreasing cost of publishing and the increased capacity for travel via the invention fo tracks, engines, and the corresponding railway distribution created both a market for cheap popular literature, and the ability for it to be circulated on a large scale

Revolutionary War

documentation and political cartoons founded American published artworks

Ad Revenue

gave newspapers autonomy. Fewer socioeconomic barriers to publication

Penny Press

New printing technology dramatically sped up the printing process = increased newspaper circulation. Cheap, interesting literature = increased literacy = larger market

Hogarth's Act

Engraver's Copyright Act. 1735. The first copyright law to deal with visual works as well as the first to recognize the authorial rights of an individual artist

Special Correspondents

Civil War artists who mailed their work to publicatoins via special delivery. Worked for the two major newspapers: Harper's and Leslie's

Penny Dreadful

late 1800s; cheap popular serial horror stories. Precursor to pulp fiction

Cheret

developed 3 stone lithographic process for poster printing in the 1880s could print every color in the rainbow, and ushered the modern age of advertising by LARGE posters

Photomechanical reproduction

allowed illustration to be directly reproduced in print
-Killed engraving and Opened the way for individual illustration styles

Art Nouveau

Art of ornament. APPLIED ART.
-Organic lines, natural detail, almost no right angles, aoften vertical format
-Coincides with the beginning of illustration in advertising and advent of posters

Gibson Girl

strong female character created by Charles Dana Gibson
-set the bar for style in 1900. "Battle of Sexes" theme.

Howard Pyle

Father of american illustration. Founded the Brandywine School.
-historical accuracy
-illustrating "between the lines"
-becoming fully immersed in the story

Brandywine School

artists colony and also a school of thought, adhering to the teachigns of Howard Pyle. This was the first dedicated school of illustration.

Red Rose Girls

Jessie Wilcox Smith, Violet Oakley, Elizabeth Shippen Green.
-All students of Howard Pyle, and all successful female illustrators

Cubism

Depicts the subject from multiple viewpoints. Cubism inspired diverse art movements

Expressionism

Emotional experience > physical reality. Reaction to Impressionism: Artist's expression of the world, instead of the world's impression on the artist

Cappiello

Father of Modern Advertising
-Italian caricturist who begain designing posters near the end of Art Nouveau in 1901
- Created one simple image to immediatley capture the viewer's attention: Brand Identity

J.C. Leyendecker

Created the Arrow Collar man
-Gibson Girl's counterpart = New England collegiate guy

Rose O'Neill

Invented Kewpies
-first mass produced toy. Millionare

What are some important publications?

1. Good Housekeeping
2. Better homes and Gardens
3. Vogue
4. McCalls
5. Scribner's
6. Harper's Magazine
7. Ladies' Home Journal
8. Collier's
9. Cosmopolitan
10. Saturday Evening Post

World War 1 Propaganda

the biggest advertising campaign to date:
-raising money (liberty bonds)
-recruiting soldiers
-boosting volunteer efforts
-spurring production
-provoking outrage at enemy

King Tut

tomb discovered, almost intact, 1922. Renews world interest in Ancient Egpyt.
-Motifs from Egyptian art show up in Art Deco

Art Deco

geometric shapes, clear and precise lines, and strong structure
-Power and speed = primary themes

Ashcan School

School of American Realism, led by Robert Henri.
Art reflects the artist's own time and experience. Art = akin to journalism

1940s

aesthetic is set by theme (not artistic style)
Theme = WWII

Who created the Four Freedoms?

Norman Rockwell, he cretaed the four freedoms as a fundraise and was inspired by an FDR speech

1950s Cooper Studios

Best illustration pool in the 1950s, 40 artists on staff, many artists with the same style workign under one roof
-Theme: Gibson's battle of the sexes, relatinoship between men and women
- Convention: woman's skin in lighter, female featured, male secondary/obscured
-All gouache or acrylic = water mediums = faster, easier to make editorial changes

Famous Artists school

3- year, correspondence art course taught by the industry's best. SOI invention, but not affliated due to tax status

Mary Blair

Visual development for Disney; influenced by South American indigenous decoration

Reportage

-Illustrators became "visual journalists" (different from Ashcan School)
- assignments all over the world to draw upon and interpret firsthand experiences
- Robert Weaver: sketches are notes. I make the drawings without colors, and later I simply bathe the picture in what I remember to be proper light

1960s

Enter photography. Exit, Illustrations as we know it

Who created Push pin studios

Milton Glaser and Seymore Chwast

1954: Push Pin Studios

-Design and illustration should not be limited to prevailing sentimental realism (Rockwellian)
- worked in expressionistic ways to counter photography
- Guiding reference in graphic design: book jackets, album covers, etc.

Pshychedelic

1967 San Francisco = meant to exclude outsiders. Lasted only a year
-Illegible typefaces, vibrating colros, vintage illustrations, public domain images

Primitivism

Untrained artists are called Folk artists
-childlike, very powerful graphic impact
Highlights contrasts:
-illustration vs photgraphy
-hand vs computer

Neo-Realism

artists looked beyond reality to impart more, not less, truth

Neo Surrealism: Magritte's language ; the visual pun

-NYT Op-Ed page was the original high profile outlet
-could be used to sell any product, depict any idea
-has remained popular since 1960s

Brad Holland

illustrate the essence of underluing concept rather than specific passages

Magic Realism

convicingly blend fantasy and reality

1980

FedEx connects illustrators to publishers across the continent

1990

Photoshop & Internet; everything has a market

2010

Social Media connects artists directly to their market

Children's illustration

Improvement vs. Imagination

Fable

a short story, usually with animals as characters, conveying a moral

Edmund Davis

Japanese woodblock process to publish children's books in color: Toy Books

Fairytales

Passed down through oral tradition

What are some well known fairy tale writers?

Charles Perrault: Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty, Red Riding hood, Blue Beard, Puss in boots
Hans Christian Anderson: The Snow Queen, The Little mermaid, The princess and the pea, Thumbelina, the little matchgirl
The Brothers Grimm

Mother Goose

The frontispiece of Perrault's original edition pictured an old woman telling stories to a group of children. French saying: Old Woman = Mother Goose

When was childhood seen as a space of protected innocence?

the Late 1800s

Emergence of Picture Books

illustrations were at least as important as text; artists are recognized

What were some stories written for children in the late 1800s?

-Alice's Adventure's in Wonderland
-Little Women
-Treasure Island
-Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
-Jungle Book
-The Secret Garden
_Tom Sawyer
-Peter Pan

Major Purpose of U.S. Education

around 1900, the assimliation of immagrants

1900s

Inexpensive high quality illustrted books = tremendous growth in children's publishing

Deluxe gift book

illustrations printed on glossy paper and glued to blank pages
-Edmund Dulac
-Kay Neilsen
-Arthur Rackham
-Maxfield Parrish
-N.C. Wyeth

Beatrix Potter

early 1900s
-small cozy books designed so that very young children could comfortably hold them
- Tale of Peter Rabbit was first privatley published by the author

Mid- 20th century

Cold War: the U.S. competition with the Soviet Union = suddenly,c ountry was afraid that the U.S> was falling behind and that education was to blame
-began the effor tot make early readers that children might actually enjoy

Currently

Children's market is comparable to adult literature in its range and diversity of genres