non-ruminant digestion

definition of digestion

all of the chemical and physical changes that food undergoes to be absorbed

absorption takes place…

in the small intestines as nutrients enter the body from the digestive tract

GI Tract is made up of…

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, liver, gall bladder, pancreas

mouth is made up of…

lips, teeth, tongue, & salivary glands

function of salivary glands

secrete saliva

function of teeth

mastication (chewing)

function of tongue

swallowing

pigs have cheek teeth with cone-shaped or rounded cusps for __ __

crushing food

the number of __ __ can effect on HCO3 (bicarbonate) production

jaw movement

saliva is made of __ & __ __

mucin; salivary amylase

in birds, the __ is part of the esophagus

crop

function of crop (in birds)

food rests in the crop to be softened

the pyloric valve is a sphincter that…

controls when food moves from the stomach to the intestines

functions of stomah

storage, where digestion begins (big things → medium things)

4 regions of non-ruminant stomach

esophageal, cardiac, fundic, pyloric

in poultry, the “stomach” is called __

proventriculus

the proventriculus follows the __ and is followed by the __

crop; giazzard

poultry have a __ instead of teeth

gizzard

gastric enzymes

HCl, mucin, pepsin, intrinsic factor, rennin

function of HCl

lower pH, activate pepsinogen to pepsin, aids digestion

gastric enzymes (3)

pepsin, lipase, rennin

function of mucin

coats the stomach, helps things stick together

function of intrinsic factor

absorbing B12

3 parts of small intestine

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

what is motility (in the stomach)

the capability of muscle to produce spontaneous movement

what is segmentation

moving food back & forth

peristalsis movement is

anterior to posterior

example of reverse peristalsis (not all animals can do it)

vomiting

what is mass movement

movement which we have some control over (ex: defecation)

function of bile

emulsifies fat

bile is produced in the

liver

bile is sorted in the

gall bladder

pancreatic juices (2)

exocrine & endocrine secretions

exocrine secretions of the pancreas

sodium carbonate & bicarbonate, enzymes

endocrine secretions of the pancreas

insulin, glucogon

exocrine secretions are released through __

ducts

endocrine secretions are __ released directly into the __

hormones; bloodstream

pancreatic enzyme for carbs

pancreatic amylase

pancreatic enzyme for fats

pancreatic lipase

pancreatic enzyme for proteins

trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase

function of secretions from the small intestine wall

digest disaccharides, peptides, etc to forms that can be absorbed (monomers)

to be absorbed, molecules must get from __ __ into brush border of __ __, then across cells into __ or __

gut lumen; epithelial cells; blood; lymph

absorption occurs by __, __ absorption, and __ absorption

diffusion; facilitated; active

functions of large intestine

storage & absorption of water

what is the cecum

a pouch that acts as a post-absorptive fermentation vat at the junction of the small and large intestine

the cecum developed in

non-ruminant herbivores (horses, rabbits)

the cecum can digest __ but does not provide __

cellulose; protein

define metabolism

use by the body of nutrients and metabolites

metabolism of carbs

carbs → glucose → glycogen, used for blood sugar or converted to ATP, stored as fat if not used

metabolism of fats

liver → fat storage → used as energy

metabolism of proteins

amino acids enter blood stream and supply cells with amino acids for protein synthesis

what happens to unused amino acids

deaminated and used for energy, not stored

metabolism of energy (ATP)

used by the tissues or stored in animals as fat

metabolism of vitamins

vitamins are involved in tissues throughout the body, maintaining structures, and participating in chemical reactions

metabolism of minerals

minerals make up structural components and activate enzymes, maintain water balance, and more