ISBB (Part 1)

Antigens

substances which are considered foreign to a host

Immunology

is the study concerned with the processes by which all living organisms defend themselves against infection

Components of Immunity

Cellular and Humoral

Immune System

Integrated system of cells, substances, and organs responsible for destruction of foreign substances (antigens) and keeps body safe from injury and infectious agents.

Categories of Immunity

Innate and Adaptive

Adaptive Immunity

Adapts depending on the antigen that it encounters

Innate Immunity

Functions in early stages if host defense in response to foreign agents.

Direct Recognition

Uses PPRR (primitive pattern recognition receptor)

Other term for exposure

Entry of antigens

Indirect Recognition

Uses opsonization

Opsonization

Coating of antigens with opsonins to enhance phagocytosis

Components of Cellular Immunity

T cells and B cells

Components of Adaptive Immunity

Cytokines and Antibodies

Components of Innate Immunity

Anatomical or Physical Barriers, Resident Flora, Hereditary or Genetic Influence, Cellular Factors and Humoral Factors

Another term for Resident Flora

Normal Microbiota

T cells

Found in PARACORTEX or lymph nodes

Thymus-dependence of T cells

60%-80% of lymphocytes

Function of T Cells

Involved with cell-mediated immune response and regulate production of antibodies by B cells

Bone Marrows

Where B cells matures

B Cells

Found in CORTEX or lymph nodes

Thymus-Independence of B cells

20%-30% of lymphocytes

Function of B Cells

Produces antibodies and present antigens to T cells

NK Cells

Produces perforins

Innate and Adaptive Immunity

NK Cells: Innate

T and B Cells: Adaptive

Types of Acquired Immunity

Natural (Infection) and Artificial (Infection)

I-C-E-D

Initiation, Chemotaxis, Engulfment, Digestion/Degradation

Natural Disease Process

Natural/Active

Vaccination

Artificial/Active

Tetanus Toxoid

Artificial/Active

Anti Rabies

Artificial/Passive

Colostrum

Natural/Passive

Transplacental Transfer

Natural/Passive

Anti Tetanus

Artificial/Passive

Innate Immunity

Natural/Non-Specific/Inborn

Adaptive Immunity

Acquired/Specific

Types of Acquired Immunity (Accroding to what is received by the individual)

Active and Passive

Types of Cellular Factors

basophil, eosinophil, phagocytes (neutrophil/monocytes), NK cells, APC

least predominant and has histamine

basophil

- supresses allergic reaction

- parasites (helminths)

eosinophil

cells that connects innate immunity to adaptive immunity

APC

What are the APCs

Dendritic cells, macrophage, B Cells

What is the most potent APC

Dendritic Cells

Whjat presents antigen to T cells

APC

- Cells that are effective if antigen are intracellular

- Large granular lymphocytes (Null lymphocytes)

NK Cells

- Effective against virally infected cells

- Targets viral envelope proteins

NK Cells

What is the Normal Flora in the mouth

Viridants strep (alpha hemolytic strep)

What is the Normal Flora in the intestine

10%-Enterobac: 90% Bacteroides (gram negative anaerobic)

What is the Normnal Flora of the skin

Staph-Epidemidis

What is the Normal Flora of the vagina

Lactobacillus acidophilus

- Causes localized vasodilation

- Inflammatory Mediator

Histamine

5 Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

Rubor (redness)

Tumor (swelling)

Calor (heat)

Dolor (pain)

Functio laesa (loss of function)

What are lysosomals enzymes

- lysozymes

- defensins

- lactoferrin

Oxidative Burst

(Poisonous Oxygen) H2O2, superoxol, hydroxil radicals

2 mechanism of digestion/degradation

- lysosomal enzyme

- oxidative burst

Chemotaxis : TOWARD

Positive chemotaxis

Chemotaxis : AWAY

Negative chemotaxis

Disorder associated with defect in lysosomal enzymes

Chediak Higashi

Disorder associated with defect in oxidative burst

Chronic Granulomatous Disease

Deficiency in chemotaxis only

Job Syndrome

Deficiency in both chemotaxis and random movement

Lazy Leukocyte Syndrome

Term used to describe the squeezing movement of WBC to the site of injury

Diapedesis

2 methods to evaluate phagocyte movement

-Agarose gel

-Boyden chamber

Vacuole that contains phagocytized material

Phagosome

Fusion of phagosome with lysosome

Phagolysosome

Other term for primitive patter

PAMP (pathogen-associated molecular pattern)

An organism that has a receptor

bacteria

Receptor

something that accepts or receives