AP Bio macro molecules

Elements of all macromolecules

carbohydrate= cho, lipids= cho, protiens= chon, nucleic acid= chonp

monomer of carbohydrate

monosaccharide

monomer for lipid

none

monomer for protein

amino acid

monomer for nucleic acid

nucleotide

function of a carbohydrate (3)

1. primary energy source

2. short term energy storage

   1. structural support

which one has oh and ho

carbohydrate

what is the ratio of a carbohydrate

1:2:1

what do carbohydrates normally end in

-ose what

what is the structure of a carbohydrate usually

rings

other names for carbohydrates (3)

monosaccharides, disaccharide, polysaccharide

monosaccharides and disaccharides are easily broken down during ____________ __________

cellular respiration

polysaccharides with branching patterns can have monomers ____ __________ when needed

broken off

polysaccharides have monomers arranged in ___________ ____________ to provide strength’ used to make plant ________ ________

straight lines, cell wall

what is glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose, cellulose molecular structure (mono,di,poly) and what is it’s function

1. glucose, fructose=monosaccharaide, energy

2. lactose fructose=disaccharide, energy source

   1. cellulose=polysaccharide, cell wall structure in plants wha

what is glycogen and amylose structure and function

glycogen=polysaccharide, energy storage in animals

amylose= polysaccharide and storage in plants

what is starch also known s and what macromolecule is it

carbohydrate amylose

what is the covalen bond for carbohydrates

glycosidic linkage

What does most of the structures for lipids look like and what Is the exception

chains except for steroids h

lipids have ________- amounts of CH and ________- amount of O

high low

what bondings are for lipids and what type of synthesis is it

ester linkage, dehydration synth

lipids have no true monomer but contain _________ _______——

fatty acids

what are saturated fat (4)

no double bonds between carbon, straight, saturated with hydrogen atoms, solid, straight

unsaturated fats are (4)

contain double bonds between carbons, bent, can have missing hydrogen atoms, liquid/oil, packed with open space

what are examples of lipids

fats, lipids, phospholipids, steroids what

what are fats also known as

triglycerides

what is the monomer of a nucleic acid

nucleotide what

what are the 3 parts of a nucleotide

phosphate Group, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base

what are 5 carbon sugars also called

pentose

What are the covalent bonds between nucleotides (2)

phosphodiester bonds, dehydration synthesis

in a nucleic acid, the sugar and phosphate form a ___________

backbone

identiy of a molecule (DNA, RNA) depend on the nucleotide: (2)

base and sugar

What is the DNA nitrogenous base, sugar, and strand

base=thimine ACG, deoxyribose= sugar, 2 antiparallel strands

what is RNA’s nitrogenous base sugar and strand

Uracil= base, ribose=pentose sugar, 1 strand

what does DNA and RNA stand for

Deoxyribonucleic acid, Ribonucleic acid

What are examples of Nucleic acids

DNA RNA ATP NADP NAD FAD

what does DNA do

Stores genetic info (instructions for protien structure

The sequence of ____________ ____________ in DNA corresponds to the specific ____________ ____________ that makes up a protein structure.

nitrogenous bases, amino acid

DNA is ____ and lasts _________ because of it’s structure. it also has ____________ bonds between the bases

stable, long, hydrogen

RNA’s function

gene expression (making protiens

what acts as a short lived copy of the DNA base sequence which is ________ to make a protien

mRNA, translated (think of messenger)

Carries Amino acids, which are assembled into protein

tRNA think of transfer

Makes up part of the ribosome, which assembles the amino acids together into a protien

rRNA (ribosomal)

rRNA has a ____________ activity

catalytic

what does atp stand for and what is it’s function

adenosine triphophate, energy currency

____________ of ATP releases energy (removing of the phosphate). this energy is used to power many other reactions in the _______

hydrolysis, cell

NADP NAD FAD functions as what and in where

electron carriers in photosynthesis and cellular respiration

what are the monomers of a protien and what is in it (4)

amino acid

amino acid group (NH2), central carbon, carboxyl group (COOH), side chain/group

how many kinds of amino acids are there

20

What are protiens linked by (2)

peptide bonds through dehydration synthesis

a smalll protein or chain of amino acids is

peptide

name the levels of protien structures

primary secondary tertiary quaternary

unique sequnce of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. effects all other levels of structure.

primary protien structure

local folding of polypeptide in some regions

secondary structure

why do polypeptides fold in some regions in 2nd dary structure (what bond)

hydrogen bond

how does hydrogen bond form in 2ndary structure

between amino and carboxyl group of backbone 2

2 common structures of 2ndary structure

a-helix and b pleated sheet

intricate deminsional structure that results from various types of interactions between the r group

tertiary structure

what different r groups bonds and interactions are in a tertiary structure (4)

ionic bond, hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bridge (covalent bond between 2 sulfur atoms , hydrogen bond

multiple peptide chains interacting

quaternary structure

mostly __________, ___________ interactions hold quaternary structures together.

weak, noncovalent

what are some examples of quaternary structures (3)

collagen, hemoglobin, insulin

What are the functions of a protein

structural support, transport, movement, defense and protection, catalyst, regulations

what protons give structural support

collagen, actin

multiple polypeptides wound together. Gives strength for bones, tendons, ligaments, skin

collogen

branches throughout the cytoskeloton and providing structure

actin

example of proteins that transport (2)

hemoglobin, membrane transport protenis

has iron in it, which bonds to o2 and carry it to cells

hemoglobin

have openings that match the particle being transported

membrane transport proteins

examples of proteins that help with movement (2)

myosin, kinesin

able to generate force in muscles

myosin mo

moves molecules along microtubules of cytoskeleton

kinesin

example of protein that helps with defense and protection

antibodies (immunoglobulin)

released by the immune system to target things like bacteria

antibodies

examples of proteins that act as a catalyst

enzymes sp

speed up reactions without being consumed. used to build and break down molecules

enzymes

examples of proteins that help regulation

peptide hormoes, insulin peptides

bind to receptor protein to activate a response in a cell

peptide hormones

binds to the insulin receptor (protein +) and activates the transport glucose

insulin (peptide)

what is the abbreviation for

1. hydroxyl

2. carbonyl

3. carboxyl

4. amino/amine

5. sulfhydryl

6. phosphate

7. methyl

1. OH

2. CO

3. COOH

4. NH

5. SH

6. PH2₄

   1. _CH3

the _ _ ___ meaning differences in strucutre of molecules lead to different functions

structure determines function