27th-FREUD

Stages of development:

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital.

Fixation:

defensive attachment to an earlier

stage as a result of a traumatic experience in a

particular stage. He considered fixation to be a

defense against anxiety

What is fixation during the oral phase

due to either

deprivation or overindulgence, leads to the

development of an oral personality that may

have some of the following characteristics:

pessimism or optimism

suspiciousness or gullibility

self-belittlement or cockiness

passivity or manipulativeness

Fixation in the Anal Phase

The overdemanding or overcontrolling parent

who forces toilet training too quickly or too

harshly tends to produce an adult who exhibits

an anal personality, meaning one who is

dominated by a tendency to hold onto or to

retain.

Such anal personality types hold on to money

(stinginess), their feelings (constrictedness), and

their own way of doing things (stubbornness).

Fixation at the phallic stage

phase results in the

development of a phallic personality, one who is

reckless, narcissistic, and excessively vain and

proud.

People who fail to resolve the conflict

successfully are said to be afraid or incapable of

close love. Freud theorized that such fixation

could be a major cause of homosexuality.

The major conflict that children experience

during this phase is over the object of their

sexual desire. For a boy, the object of sexual

desire is his mother, and for a girl, her father.

Oedipal complex:

in the phallic stage, boys

develop a sexual longing for their mother and

sees their father his rival.

Results in development of the superego.

Electra complex

This concept was developed by Carl Jung to coincide

with the female aspect of the Oedipus complex. For

Jung, the female aspects of the sexual development

theory which describes the psychodynamics of a girl's

sexual competition with her mother for sexual

possession of the father.

What do females experience in the phallic stage

For Freud, during the phallic stage, females

experience penis envy which causes love for

their father because he has the desired object

Defense Mechanisms:

protect people

against pain and are universal reactions, all

meant to keep anxiety at bay.

(Maladaptive)

Repression:

unconsciously banish painful

memories from consciousness.

Suppression:

active and conscious attempt to

stop anxiety-provoking thoughts by simply not

thinking about them. (Stored in the

preconscious)

Denial:

refusal to perceive an unpleasant event

in reality.

Rationalization:

o make excuses for maladaptive

behaviors.

Displacement:

unconsciously redirect anger on

substitute objects or people.

Sublimation:

form of displacement, though done by

displacing anger on ones or in ways that are socially

acceptable.

Regression:

movement from mature behavior to

immature behavior.

Projection:

attributing our own undesirable

characteristics on to others.

Reaction formation:

convert undesirable

characteristics to their opposites.

Rationalization:

justification of behavior through

the use of plausible, but inaccurate, excuses.

Intellectualization:

dissociation between

thoughts and feelings with elaborate rationale to

explain unbearable pain.

Undoing:

performing an act to nullify or make

amends for an undesirable one.

Freud’s four major assessment techniques

included:

free association, dream analysis,

resistance, and transference.

Transference:

characterized by ambivalence,

attitudes of both affection and hostility, toward

“parents” and are displaced onto the therapist.

Free association:

therapeutic technique central

to psychoanalysis in which the therapist

encourages patients to report, without

restriction, any thoughts that occur to them no

matter how irrelevant, unimportant, or

unpleasant.

Considered the fundamental role in

psychoanalysis

Dreams:

The royal road to the unconscious.

Dream analysis:

psychoanalytic technique used

to probe the unconscious through interpretation

of the patient’s dreams.

Process:

analyze and interpret the symbols

present in the manifest content in an attempt to

discover the latent content or hidden meanings.

Believed symbols had universal meanings.

Resistance:

in psychoanalysis, when unwilling to

disclose painful memories.

Freud believed resistance caused those

memories to be repressed in the unconscious.

Positive transference:

special affection toward

the therapist, usually develops first (praise,

trust, falling in love).

Counter transference:

therapist’s reaction with

personal feelings toward the patient.

Negative transference:

showing anger and

hostility toward the therapist.