Renaissance
"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome
Meaning of the word Renaissance
What died, what came to life
Petrarch
Father of Humanism
Humanism
An intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements
Individualism
The unique importance of each individual
Main mode of thought for most of the renaissance
Humanism and individualism
Cicero
Rome's greatest public speaker; inspired petrarch
Philology
study of history and development of language
Renaissance moved away from religious authority to
Secular authority
What allowed ideas to spread faster across europe?
Printing press
Civic humanism
Educated men should be active and engaged in local politics
Leonardo Bruni
Argued that the republicanism of ancient Rome was the best form of government and that ruled by an enlightened individual was best.
Republicanism
A form of government in which people elect representatives to create and enforce laws
Nicolo Machiavelli
Wrote the prince. Its main storyline is that the function of any leader is to preserve order and security. It is the modern guide to politics.
"Better to be feared than loved"
Niccolo Machiavelli
Naturalism
More realistic, portraying the world as it was
Italian Renaissance artists lean more on the...
Idealistic side of nationalism
Northern Renaissance artists lean more on... Depicting the scenes of everyday life.
Michaelangelo Italian Renaissance: David. Sculpted in image of greek god: naturalism and idealism
Raphael Italian Renaissance: School of Athens. Classical figures.
Brunelleschi Florentine architect who was the first great architect of the Italian Renaissance (1377-1446) Dome of Florence.
Renaissance reached north thanks to: Printing press
Northern Renaissance was more Religious, Christian Humanism
Christian Humanism
A blend of humanist and religious ideas, ERASMUS
Erasmus
"In praise of folly"
Pieter Bruegel the Elder Painter,
captures every day life;(peasant wedding)
Rembrandt
Ability to paint light and shade.
Before the printing press, how were books made?
By hand, and took long
First work published on the printing press
Guttenberg Bible
Vernacular literature
Literature written in the everyday language spoken by common people
Who held the most power?
Nobles
Henry VIII of England
ruled England from 1509-1547. Henry's demand for a male heir led him to marry six different women. (Two of those wives, Anne Boleyn and Katharine Howard, were executed on his order.) Henry's divorce from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, led the king to split with the Catholic Church and found his own church, the Church of England, which in turn set the stage for the English Reformation and for religious battles which lasted for centuries.
Elizabeth I
"Bloody Marry" Steered England back to Anglicanism and ended the persecution of dissenters.
Anglicanism
Church of England
Dissenters
Protestants who differed with the Church of England
New Monarchs
Established monopolies on tax collection, employed military force, dispensed justice, gained the right to determine the religion of their subjects
Ferdinand and Isabella
Unification of Spain + Consolidation of monarchical power.
Completed the reconquista
Ferdinand and Isabella II
Reconquista of Spain
Christian efforts made following the Crusades to take over Muslim lands and drive them out of Spain.
Concordat of Bologna (1516)
King Francis I and Pope Leo X reached an agreement that approved the pope's right to receive the first year's income of newly named bishops and abbots, and the pope recognized the French ruler's right to select French bishops and abbots. French kings thereafter effectively controlled the appointment and thus the policies of church officials in the kingdom.
Peace of Augsburg (1555)
Document in which Charles V recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion in the Holy Roman Empire. The faith of the prince determined the religion of his subjects.
Why europeans went out exploring? Gold, God, and Glory
First Reason for exploration: God. Wanted to convert everybody into catholicism
Second Reason for exploration: Gold: Wanted to get as much gold and silver as possible they could. State with more gold wins.
Mercantilism: an economic system (Europe in 18th C) that argued that there was a finite amount of wealth in the world and that wealth could be measured in gold and silver.
favorable balance of trade an economic situation in which a country sells more goods abroad than it buys from abroad
Astrolabe An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets
How is portugals empire known as? Trading Post Empire
Settler Colonies The english built these colonies in order for people to make a new life and to build homes and cities, not just trade.
Treaty of tordesillas A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.
Colonial Tensions The BALANCE OF POWER was at stake for all the European nations
Columbian Exchange The global exchange of goods, flora, fauna, cultural practices and disease between the Old World and The New World.
5 major exchanges that ocurred: DISEASE(smallpox), FOOD(maize, tomatoes, lemons, oranges, etc.), ANIMALS(horses,pigs, etc.), MINERALS(gold and silver), PEOPLE
Feudalism A system where peasants lived and worked on the land of a noble in exchange for armed protection
Capitalism An economic system based on private ownership and a free and open exchange of goods between property owners.
Encomienda System A system in which leading men, called encomenderos, were granted a portion of land. Natives who lived on that land became the unpaid laborers who did the farming of the mining.
Requerimiento (1513) A written declaration that stated Spanish sovereignty over the Americas.
Used religious backing to justify conquest.
Why were indigenous slaves replaced by african? Because indigenous knew their lands, giving them the ability to easily escape. They also died in large numbers due to diseases.
Middle passage A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies
Commercial Revolution Great increase in global commerce during this period that changed the economic face of Europe.
double-entry bookkeeping system Indicated lots of money was being handled in banking centers.
joint-stock company a company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders.
What did the economic changes end? Feudalism
subsistence agriculture The concept of just growing what one needed to subsist, or survive.
The Commons A critical peace of land for the peasantry. Only place they could bring their livestock to graze
Enclosure movement The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.
Urbanization Movement of people from rural areas to cities