Euro Unit 1

Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Meaning of the word Renaissance

What died, what came to life

Petrarch

Father of Humanism

Humanism

An intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements

Individualism

The unique importance of each individual

Main mode of thought for most of the renaissance

Humanism and individualism

Cicero

Rome's greatest public speaker; inspired petrarch

Philology

study of history and development of language

Renaissance moved away from religious authority to

Secular authority

What allowed ideas to spread faster across europe?

Printing press

Civic humanism

Educated men should be active and engaged in local politics

Leonardo Bruni

Argued that the republicanism of ancient Rome was the best form of government and that ruled by an enlightened individual was best.

Republicanism

A form of government in which people elect representatives to create and enforce laws

Nicolo Machiavelli

Wrote the prince. Its main storyline is that the function of any leader is to preserve order and security. It is the modern guide to politics.

"Better to be feared than loved"

Niccolo Machiavelli

Naturalism

More realistic, portraying the world as it was

Italian Renaissance artists lean more on the...

Idealistic side of nationalism

Northern Renaissance artists lean more on... Depicting the scenes of everyday life.

Michaelangelo Italian Renaissance: David. Sculpted in image of greek god: naturalism and idealism

Raphael Italian Renaissance: School of Athens. Classical figures.

Brunelleschi Florentine architect who was the first great architect of the Italian Renaissance (1377-1446) Dome of Florence.

Renaissance reached north thanks to: Printing press

Northern Renaissance was more Religious, Christian Humanism

Christian Humanism

A blend of humanist and religious ideas, ERASMUS

Erasmus

"In praise of folly"

Pieter Bruegel the Elder Painter,

captures every day life;(peasant wedding)

Rembrandt

Ability to paint light and shade.

Before the printing press, how were books made?

By hand, and took long

First work published on the printing press

Guttenberg Bible

Vernacular literature

Literature written in the everyday language spoken by common people

Who held the most power?

Nobles

Henry VIII of England

ruled England from 1509-1547. Henry's demand for a male heir led him to marry six different women. (Two of those wives, Anne Boleyn and Katharine Howard, were executed on his order.) Henry's divorce from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, led the king to split with the Catholic Church and found his own church, the Church of England, which in turn set the stage for the English Reformation and for religious battles which lasted for centuries.

Elizabeth I

"Bloody Marry" Steered England back to Anglicanism and ended the persecution of dissenters.

Anglicanism

Church of England

Dissenters

Protestants who differed with the Church of England

New Monarchs

Established monopolies on tax collection, employed military force, dispensed justice, gained the right to determine the religion of their subjects

Ferdinand and Isabella

Unification of Spain + Consolidation of monarchical power.

Completed the reconquista

Ferdinand and Isabella II

Reconquista of Spain

Christian efforts made following the Crusades to take over Muslim lands and drive them out of Spain.

Concordat of Bologna (1516)

King Francis I and Pope Leo X reached an agreement that approved the pope's right to receive the first year's income of newly named bishops and abbots, and the pope recognized the French ruler's right to select French bishops and abbots. French kings thereafter effectively controlled the appointment and thus the policies of church officials in the kingdom.

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Document in which Charles V recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion in the Holy Roman Empire. The faith of the prince determined the religion of his subjects.

Why europeans went out exploring? Gold, God, and Glory

First Reason for exploration: God. Wanted to convert everybody into catholicism

Second Reason for exploration: Gold: Wanted to get as much gold and silver as possible they could. State with more gold wins.

Mercantilism: an economic system (Europe in 18th C) that argued that there was a finite amount of wealth in the world and that wealth could be measured in gold and silver.

favorable balance of trade an economic situation in which a country sells more goods abroad than it buys from abroad

Astrolabe An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets

How is portugals empire known as? Trading Post Empire

Settler Colonies The english built these colonies in order for people to make a new life and to build homes and cities, not just trade.

Treaty of tordesillas A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Colonial Tensions The BALANCE OF POWER was at stake for all the European nations

Columbian Exchange The global exchange of goods, flora, fauna, cultural practices and disease between the Old World and The New World.

5 major exchanges that ocurred: DISEASE(smallpox), FOOD(maize, tomatoes, lemons, oranges, etc.), ANIMALS(horses,pigs, etc.), MINERALS(gold and silver), PEOPLE

Feudalism A system where peasants lived and worked on the land of a noble in exchange for armed protection

Capitalism An economic system based on private ownership and a free and open exchange of goods between property owners.

Encomienda System A system in which leading men, called encomenderos, were granted a portion of land. Natives who lived on that land became the unpaid laborers who did the farming of the mining.

Requerimiento (1513) A written declaration that stated Spanish sovereignty over the Americas.

Used religious backing to justify conquest.

Why were indigenous slaves replaced by african? Because indigenous knew their lands, giving them the ability to easily escape. They also died in large numbers due to diseases.

Middle passage A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Commercial Revolution Great increase in global commerce during this period that changed the economic face of Europe.

double-entry bookkeeping system Indicated lots of money was being handled in banking centers.

joint-stock company a company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders.

What did the economic changes end? Feudalism

subsistence agriculture The concept of just growing what one needed to subsist, or survive.

The Commons A critical peace of land for the peasantry. Only place they could bring their livestock to graze

Enclosure movement The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.

Urbanization Movement of people from rural areas to cities