Microbiology Chapter 2 chemical principles

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130 Terms

1

What is chemistry the study of?

Interactions between atoms and molecules.

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2

What is the smallest unit of matter?

An atom.

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3

Can an atom be subdivided into smaller substances?

No, they cannot be subdivided

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4

Atoms interact to form what?

Molecules

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5

What are atoms composed of?

Electrons ,protons, neutrons

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6

What are electrons?

Negatively charged particles

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7

What are protons?

Positively charged particles

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8

What are neutrons?

Uncharged particles.

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9

What makes up the nucleus?

Protons and neutrons.

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10

What moves around the nucleus?

Electrons

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11

What are atoms with the same number of protons classified as?

The same chemical element.

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12

What is the atomic number?

The number of protons in the nucleus

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13

What is the atomic mass?

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

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14

What are isotopes of an element?

Atoms with different numbers of neutrons.

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15

If the atomic number of hydrogen is 1 what is the atomic mass?

1

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16

If the atomic number of nitrogen is 7 what is the atomic mass?

14

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17

What are the most abundant chemical elements in living organisms?

Hydrogen, Carbon ,nitrogen, and oxygen

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18

What are electrons arranged in?

Electron shells

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19

What do electron shells correspond to?

Different energy levels.

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20

How do atoms form molecules?

By combining to fill their outermost shells.

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21

What is a valence?

The number of missing or extra electrons in the outmost shell

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22

Why do molecules hold together?

Because the valence electrons of the combining atoms form attractive forces called chemical bonds, between the atomic nuclei

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23

Are number of protons and electrons equal in an atom?

Yes, they are equal

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24

What are ions?

Charged atoms that have gained or lost electrons.

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25

What are cations

Atoms that lose electrons and become positively charged ions.

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26

What are anions?

Atoms that gain electrons and become negatively charged ions.

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27

What are ionic bonds

Attractions between ions of opposite charge.

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28

In an ionic bond what happens when one atom loses electrons to?

Another gains electrons.

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29

When are covalent bonds formed?

When 2 atoms share one or more pair of electrons.

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30

Where are covalent bonds more common and stronger?

In organisms compared to ionic bonds

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31

When do hydrogen bonds form?

When a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an O or N atom is attracted to another N or O in another molecule.

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32

What is the molecular mass?

The sum of the atomic masses in a molecule.

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33

What is one mole of a substance equivalent to?

Molecular mass in grams.

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34

What is the unit of molecular mass

Dalton (da)

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35

What do chemical reactions involve?

The making or breaking of bonds between atoms

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36

When does a change in chemical energy occur?

During a chemical reaction

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37

What does and endergonic reaction do?

Absorb energy

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38

What does an exergonic reaction do?

Release energy

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39

When does a synthesis reaction occur?

When atoms, ions or molecules combine to form new larger molecules.

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40

What is anabolism?

The synthesis of molecules in a cell

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41

When do decomposition reactions occur

When a molecule is split into smaller molecules, ions or atoms

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42
<p>What reaction is this?</p>

What reaction is this?

Decomposition reaction.

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43

What is an exchange reaction?

Part syntheses and part decomposition reaction

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44
<p>What reaction is this?</p>

What reaction is this?

Exchange reaction

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45

What do organic compounds always contain?

Carbon and hydrogen

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46

How are organic compounds usually structured?

Structurally complex

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47

What do inorganic compounds usually lack?

Carbon

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48

How are inorganic compounds structured?

Small and structurally simple.

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49

Is water inorganic or organic?

Inorganic

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50

What type of molecule is water?

A polar molecule

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51

Why is water an inorganic substance?

Because it does not have a carbon hydrogen bond.

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52

Why is water a polar molecule?

It has an unequal distribution of charges.

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53

Why is water a good solvent?

Water can dissolve many substances

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54

What bonds absorb heat in water?

Hydrogen bonds

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55
<p>What is this?</p>

What is this?

A hydrogen bond

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56

What are acids?

Substances that dissociate into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more negative ions

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57
<p>What is this?</p>

What is this?

An acid

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58

What are bases?

Substances that dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions and one or more positive ions

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59
<p>What is this?</p>

What is this?

A base

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60

What are salts?

Substances that dissociate into cations and anions neither of which is H+ or OH-

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61
<p>What is this?</p>

What is this?

A salt

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62

What is the concertation of H+ in a solution expressed as

PH

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63

What does increasing H+ increase?

Acidity

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64

What does increasing OH- increase?

Alkalinity

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65

What is the best ph for organisms to grow?

Between 6.5-8.5

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66

What do organic compound commonly contain?

Hydrogen, oxygen and or nitrogen in addition to carbon

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67

What is a carbon skeleton?

The chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule.

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68

What do functional groups bond to

Carbon skeletons.

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69

What are functional groups responsible for

Most of the chemical properties of a particular organic compound.

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70

What do the hydroxyl groups of alcohols have in common?

They have OH

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71

What can small organic molecules combine into?

Large macromolecules.

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72

What are macromolecules?

Polymers consisting of many small repeating molecules.

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73

What are monomers?

Many small repeating molecules.

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74

How do monomers join?

By dehydration synthesis or condensation reactions.

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75

What do carbohydrates serve as?

Cell structures and cellular energy sources

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76

What do carbohydrates include?

Sugars and starches

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77

What elements do carbohydrates consist of?

C, H and O

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78

What is the formula of Carbohydrates

knowt flashcard image
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79

What are isomers

Molecules with same chemical formula but different structures.

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80

What are monosaccharides?

Simple sugars with 3-7 carbon atoms

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81

What are examples of monosaccharides?

Glucose and deoxyribose.

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82

How are disaccharides formed?

When 2 monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synthesis

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83

How can disaccharides be broken down?

By hydrolysis.

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84

What do polysaccharides consist of?

Tens and hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis

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85

What are polymers of glucose that differ in their bonding and functions?

Starch glycogen, Dextran, cellulose and polymers

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86

What are lipids?

Primary components of cell membrane

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87

What do lipids consist of?

C, H and O

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88

Are lipids soluble in water?

No, they are insoluble in water.

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89

Are lipids nonpolar?

Yes, they are nonpolar

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90

What are examples of simple lipids?

Fats and triglycerides?

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91

What do simple lipids contain?

Glycerol and fatty acids.

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92

How are glycerol and fatty acids formed?

By dehydration synthesis.

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93

What is the structure of saturated fats

Fatty chains have no double bonds between carbon atoms , All carbon atoms are fully saturated with hydrogen atoms

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94

What is the structure of unsaturated fats

Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds in the fatty acid chains. These double bonds can change the shape of the fatty acids.

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95

What is the structure of cis fats

The hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the double bond

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96

What is the structure of Trans fats

Hydrogen atoms are on the opposite sides of the double bond

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97

What are some complex lipids

C,H, O + P, N and or/ S

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98

In complex lipids what are cell membranes made of

Phospholipids

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99

What type of regions do Phospholipids have?

Polar and nonpolar regions

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100

What makes a steroid?

4 carbon rings with and an -OH group attached to one ring

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