Criminology Unit 2 revision

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53 Terms

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legal sanctions for criminal behaviour

cautions, fines, community service, custodial sentences, penalty notices

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Jacob et al

- XYY theory
-5/100 men in prison have the condition and 1/1000 in population have it

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Supporting Lombroso theory

-research from a Uni in China suggest facial gestures can give a criminal away

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Sheldon's Theory

-3 somatotypes
-examined 4000 photos of men from different angles
-ectomorphic, mesomorphic, endomorphic

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substance abuse

-taking any form of substance is highly linked to criminality
-taking steroids increase testosterone and increase violent behaviour
-Horace Williams beat man to death after taking 2000 times the recommended dosage of steroids

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strengths of brain abnormalities

-Raine et als studying of PET scans =creates validity
-Phineas Gage =increases validity

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Examples of deviance

laughing at a funeral, 2m apart, picking nose in public, underage drinking

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e.g. of laws changing over time

Capital punishment
Double jeopardy

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XYY Theory

-extra Y chromosome in males leads to crime
-jacob et al
-john wayne gacy (serial killer with extra chromosome)

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adoption studies

-adopted children are compared to their biological and adopted parents to see which has more influence
-(biology or environment)

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endomorphic

-fat and soft
-sociable and relaxed

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Brain diseases case study

-Charles Whitman
- autopsy showed pecan sized tumour in brain
-murdered his mother and wife and other people
-tremendous headaches and bad mental state

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how law on prostitution changed over time

-increased right for women
-secularisation (less if a sacred views around casual sex)

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how law on capital punishment changed over time

-miscarriage of justice
-outdated
-case study of derek bentley

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Strengths of XYY

-john wayne Gacy as a real life case
-overrepresentation of XYY men in prison (15/1000 in prison 1/1000 in society)

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Social definition of crime

behavior that violates the norms of society

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legal definition of crime

an action that breaks the law

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Actus Reus

physical act of committing a crime

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Mens Rea

criminal intent

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deviant behaviour

Behaviour that goes against the moral values or social norms

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informal sanctions for deviance

frowned upon

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formal sanctions for deviance

fines, detention, warning

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capital punishment

the legally authorized killing of someone as punishment for a crime (case study-Derek Bentley hanged for murder of a policeman he didn't kill)

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double jeopardy

prevents being tried twice for the same crime due to notion of new evidence (case study-Julie Hogg, murderer admitted to murder but wasn't charged)

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prostitution

-illegal now and seen as unreasonable
-then was seen as necessary for male sexuality

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vagrancy

-now illegal but not enforced as it's normalised
-then the law was stricter and more enforced

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how laws change according to place

-jaywalking legal in UK, illegal in most usa
-cannabis legal in Columbia , illegal in uk
-FMG illegal in UK, legal in middle east

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changed in circumstances

-age
-mental health

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Genetic Theories

-XYY theory
-Twin studies
-Adoption studies

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twin studies

-nature>nurture
-Dizygotic twins(50% DNA)
-monozygotic twins (100% DNA)

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case study for twin studies

- johannes lange
-13mz and 17dz
-found 10/13mz twins both served time
-only 2/17dz had both served time

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case study for adoption studies

- Hutchings and Mednick
- studied 1400 adopted and found higher amount of boys boys with crim convictions had biological parents with cc too
-suggesting strong link between criminality and genetics

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physiological theories

-Lombroso
-Sheldon
-brain abnormalities

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Lombroso's theory

-criminals can be identified by physical things
-examined 383 dead and 3839 living bodies
-concluded 40% crim acts. luke be accounted for by atavistic characteristics

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Lombroso's signs of criminal behaviour

-big ears
-high cheekbones
-flat nose
-long arms

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ectomorphic

-tall and thin
-introverted
-low power rate

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Mesomorphic

-muscular
-aggressive
-adventurous and risk takers

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Brain injuries

-raine et all used PET scans to study living brains of killers
-criminals more likely to have damage to pre frontal cortex

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case study for Brain injuries

-Phineas Gage
-accident, rod damaged his PFC
-personality changed after dramatically

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biochemical explanations

-sex hormones
-serotonin levels
-substance abuse

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sex hormones in males

-overproduction or underproduction of hormones may lead to emotional disturbances, lead to criminality
-Ellis and Coontz said this can lead to sexual attacks (rape)

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sex hormones in females

-premenstrual tension, most natal depression and lactation can lead to criminal women
-crimes such as shoplifting to infanticide on grounds that hormones can affect judgement and mood/self control.

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serotonin levels

a chemical that helps maintain mood balance

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Serotonin case study

-Scerbo and Raine
-meta analysis on 29 studies into antisocial children and adults
-found two levels of serotonin associated with all
-low serotonin = higher levels of aggression

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how the law on double jeopardy changed over time

-Ann ming campaign for change after death of daughter julie hogg

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how law on FGM changed over place

-societal, cultural and religious differences

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how law on homosexual changes over culture

-religious beliefs
-secular states (non religious)
-theocratic states (religious: Quaran states man can marry woman, woman can marry a man- that's it)

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how the law is applied changes over circumstance looking at age

-not knowing the difference between right and wrong
-age of responsibility is 10
-instead receive punishment less severe like curfew

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How many chromosomes should a human have

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Strengths of Lombroso's theory

-further research in China Uni (ID photos) = more representative and reliable

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Weaknesses of Lombroso's theory

-lack of evidence, only 40% of criminals had atavistic features = lacks validity
-lacked a control group
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weaknesses of XYY theory

-only 15/1000 so nothing to hypothesise others
-can't explain non violent crimes/ women = unrepresentative
-syndrome is very rare, ignores other factors

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weaknesses of brain abnormalities

- no control group = not representative of of population
- prisoners may have brain abs from other criminality = weakens theory