ap human geo unit 4- political patterns and processes 🎉

state (country)

political unit with a permanent population and boundaries that are recognized by other states that allows for the administration of laws, collection of taxes, and provision of defense

nation

people who think of themselves as one based on a sense of shared culture and history and who desire political autonomy

nation examples

Japanese, German, French, Hmong

nation-state

a state with a single nation

nation-state examples

Japan, Iceland, Armenia, Lesotho

stateless nation

a nation who do not have their own independent state

stateless nation examples

Palestinians, Basque, Kurds, Hmong

multi-national state

a state with two or more nations

multi-national state examples

Germany. France, Mexico, China, US, Russia

multi-state nation

a nation living across states

multi-state nation examples

Koreans, Kurds, Basque, Russians

autonomous region

an area which governs itself, but is not an independent country

autonomous region examples

Greenland, the Azores, Hong Kong, Catalonia, Basque region

sovereignty

final authority over a territory and the right to defend territorial integrity against incursion

colonialism

rule by an autonomous power over a subordinate people and place that creates unequal cultural and economic relations

imperialism

the drive toward creation and expansion of an empire and then once established, its perpetuation

self-determination

the process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government.

independence movements

an area that believes it should be its own country

political power

expressed geographically as control over people, land, and resources

government

political system with governing authority

authoritarian government

government with a strong central power, no constitutional accountability, no individual freedoms

authoritarian government examples

Saudi Arabia, North Korea, (old) Germany

democracy

government where power resides with the majority

republic

government where power resides in a body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by elected representatives responsible to them and governing according to law

republic examples

US, Germany, France

democratization

the process of moving form a non democracy to a democratic system

neocolonialism

form of indirect control through the use of economic/political pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former colonies in which they continue to be exploited

shatterbelt

region endangered by local conflicts within the state or between countries in the area, as well as the involvement of opposing great powers outside the region

choke points

geographical feature (sea OR land) that has significant strategic importance

choke point examples

Straits of Gibraltar, English Channel, Panama Canal, Suez Canal

human territoriality

the connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land creating a desire for ownership over a defined space

boundary

the line that determines the limit of state jurisdiction that is a vertical plane that cuts through the subsoil and extends into the airspace above and often coincides with cultural, national, or economic divisions.

boundary definition

phase in which the boundary is negotiated and legally described

boundary delimitation

phase in which the boundary is drawn on the map

boundary demarcation

phase in which the markers are placed on the ground (signs, walls, fences)

boundary administration

phase in which the boundary is maintained

boundary dispute

disagreement over the location of a boundary/movement across the boundary (migration/smuggling) and can cause conflict

irredentism

when a state wants to annex territory whose population is ethnically similar

international agreements

establishment of formal commitments between countries on world related issues that can

either encourage interactions (trade) or discourage disputes (resources)

international sanctions

policies or actions designed to induce states to change their behavior

sanction examples

embargos (bans) on certain goods, freezing assets, boycotting trade

Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

established rights and responsibilities of states concerning ownership/use of oceans/seas and their resources as developed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

Territorial Sea

zone of water adjacent to a state's coast (12 miles) in which a state has sovereignty

Contiguous Zone

zone of water adjacent to Territorial Sea (24 miles) in which state can enforce customs, immigration, and sanitation laws

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

zone of water adjacent to Contiguous Zone (200 miles) in which a state has the right to explore, exploit, conserve, and manage resources

international waters (high seas)

ocean beyond the EEZ, in which all states have equal access

median-line principle

method used to divide the waters between states that do not have 400 miles between them

voting district

subdivision for electing members to a legislative body

redistricting

when voting districts are redrawn due to changes in population

gerrymander

redistricting that is unfair and gives an advantage to a particular political party by concentrating voting strength

antecedent boundary

boundary in the natural landscape that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in place as people moved in

antecedent boundary examples

Malaysia/Indonesia (rainforests), France/spain (mountains), US/Canada (lakes)

consequent boundary

boundary that coincides with cultural groups

subsequent boundary

boundary that evolves as the cultural landscape of an area takes shape and changes as cultural landscape changes

superimposed boundary

boundary that is drawn by powerful outsiders (e.g. colonizers) and ignores existing cultural groups

subsequent boundary examples

Northern Ireland/Ireland, Pakistan/India, Sudan/South Sudan

superimposed boundary examples

Israel/Palestine, Yugoslavia, Africa

relict (relic) boundary

boundary that no longer exists as an international border, but remnants of its existence remain

relict boundary examples

North/South Vietnam, East/West Germany

geometric boundary

boundary that follows a straight line or arc

geometric boundary examples

US/Canada, western US, North/South Korea, colonial boundaries in Africa

Berlin Conference

a meeting (1884-1885) between European nations to divide Africa among them for colonization with the intent of preventing conflict over the process

colonization in Africa

from the 17th to 19th centuries, large parts of Africa were divided according to which pieces of land belonged to which European colonizer and not by the existing patterns of different tribal people and ethnicities living on the land

decolonization in Africa

the superimposed boundaries of Africa remained in place after independence, which has led to much of the current conflict and lack of ability to establish effective leadership

demilitarized zone

a buffer zone created by treaties/agreements between two or more military powers that falls on either side of the actual boundary

unitary state

state that is governed as a single unit with a central top down

form of form of governance where local territories only have

power that is granted by the central government

unitary state examples

UK, France, Spain, China, Italy

federal state

state where there is a division in power between a central government and local territories/provinces/states/oblasts

federal state examples

US, Canada, Russia

subnational political territorial unit

region that is given greater autonomy from the central government

devolution

the transfer of decision-making power from a central government to a lower level

causes of devolution

ethnic separatism, economic and social issues, irredentism, physical geography, centrifugal forces, terrorism, ethnic cleansing

devolution occurs when...

states fragment into subnational political territorial units or states disintegrate

devolution examples

Basque/Catalonia from Spain, disintegration of USSR, Balkan states

supra-nationalism

political and/or economic alliance of three or more states that is formed for mutual benefit to promote shared goals and resolve disputes, but can limit the economic or political actions of member states creating a challenge to state sovreignty

United Nations (UN)

union formed to promote international world peace and security after WWII, comprised of 6 principal organs that meet to decide on common issues and policies

European Union (EU)

economic alliance between European countries (1992) that established free trade and open borders and a common currency (Eurozone)

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

economic alliance to gradually eliminate tariffs and trade barriers between the U.S., Canada, Mexico

African Union (AU)

political, economic and social alliance aimed at promoting greater unity, cohesion, and efficiency of African states and reducing the strains of their colonial roots

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

military alliance formed after WWII between the U.S., Canada and 26 European states to ensure mutual assistance in times of aggression

ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)

economic alliance aimed at improving development in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos, and Brunei

Arctic Council

alliance aimed at promoting cooperation, coordination and interaction among Arctic states, Arctic indigenous communities and other Arctic inhabitants on issues of sustainable development and Environmental protection in the Arctic

military alliance

alliance between two or more states who agree on mutual protection and support in case of a crisis

trade agreement

treaty between two or more states who agree on trade, tariffs, taxes, and often includes investment

guarantees

economies of scale

cost advantages gained by an increased level of production

the Paris Agreement

establishment of protocols dealing with greenhouse gas emissions by the United Nations

political change

advances in communication technology have facilitated devolution, supranationalism, and democratization

centripetal forces

forces within a state that promote unity and national stability

centripetal force examples

effective government/institutions/infrastructure, common culture, healthy economy

centrifugal forces

forces within a state that destabilize or weaken it

centrifugal force examples

ineffective government/institutions/infrastructure, cultural divides, separatist movements, struggling economy, religious conflicts