PSD Exam 2

What factors can affect prejudice?

What factors can affect prejudice?

Empathy, Gender, Race, Ideaology

Empathic Concern

sympathy and compassion for others in response to their suffering

How does empathy affect prejudice?

Dispositional empathy is slightly related to lower prejudice; very slight effect because empathy is selective

We are more likely to feel sympathy for (ingroup/outgroup) members than (ingroup/outgroup) members

ingroup, outgroup

How does gender affect prejudice?

Men are shown to be slightly more prejudice than women BUT there are some variations in different social groups (ex: Gay men receive less prejudice than lesbian women)

women are wonderful effect

Tendency for people to view stereotypes about women more favorably than they view stereotypes about men BUT women are seen as less competent and less deserving of rights than men

Women are slightly but reliably (less/more) prejudicial across many domains

less

How does race affect prejudice?

Preference for own racial group over other groups; Being confronted with discrimination against one's own group leads to EITHER: Derogate other groups to maintain self-esteem (Default response) OR Bolster coalitional attitudes with other stigmatized groups

Bolster coalitional attitudes with other stigmatized groups

When other groups are perceived as similar; when the discriminatory experience is perceived as similar; when it spurs an egalitarian perspective

How does ideology affect prejudice?

Liberal vs conservative ideology, value dissimilarity hypothesis, liberals are less prejudiced in general

Ideology

a system of beliefs and values about how social relationships should be managed; comprised of beliefs about how the world is and values about how the world should be

Liberal vs. Conservative

Resistance vs openness to change; Acceptance vs rejection of inequality

Value dissimilarity hypothesis

Believing outgroup doesn't share ingroup's values which leads to prejudice

What matters more for our attitudes toward others? Political-moral values or racial group?

Political moral values

Three Dispositions

All are positively related to conservatism: Authoritarianism, Social Dominance Orientation, System Justification

Authoritarianism

Desire for sameness and obedience to authorities, NO DIVERSITY

Authoritarian Personality

A personality type that is especially susceptible to unquestioning obedience to authority that was made to try and capture a general "prejudiced" personality BUT this was not supported by data

Psychoanalytic Take of Authoritarian Personality

Strong superego, Weak ego, Strong id

Conflict between the id and superego causes personal insecurity, so authoritarians respond with...

Projectivity, Authoritarian submission, Conventionalism, Authoritarian aggression

Projectivity

Project negative id impulses to minority groups (Scapegoat)

Authoritarian submission

Superego compensates by adhering to legitimate authorities

Conventionalism

Superego compensates by adhering to conventional norms

Authoritarian aggression

aggress on people who violate conventional norms

Right-Wing Authoritarianism

The concept of right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) stripped the authoritarian personality concept to its basics: Authoritarian Submission, Conventionalism, Authoritarian Aggression

People (high/low) in RWA tend to be more prejudiced against

high; Literally every stigmatized group

Right Wing Authoritarianism explains X% of variation of prejudice

25

People who are high in RWA are more likely to be

Mentally inflexible, Lack openness to new experiences, Believe the world is dangerous, See the world in terms of ingroups and outgroups

social dominance orientation

a motivation to have one's group dominate other social groups, NO EQUALITY

What are the two fundamental type of oppression the can be found in every society according to the evolutionary theory (Sidanius & Pratto, 1999)

Age and Gender

Social Dominance Orientation (SDO)

a desire for unequal relations between social groups, can be ingroup domination OR ingroup subordination

People who are high in SDO are more likely to...

See the world as zero-sum, See the society as a competitive "dog-eat-dog" world, Don't have the same aversion to danger as RWA personalities, Pursue hierarchy-enhancing professions like policing

System Justification

Desire to justify existing social systems, NO CHANGE

System justification theory

People are motivated to defend, bolster, and justify existing social systems

Palliative Function

Feel better about the societal status quo (without dealing with the root causes)-> lead to even oppressed groups self-loathing or being supportive of status quo

Compensatory stereotypes

stereotypes that compensate for a negative quality with a positive quality (or vice versa)

System justification allows people to meet their...

Existential needs; Relational needs; Epistemic needs

Existential needs

Reduces feelings of threat and insecurity

Relational needs

Need to share similar perceptions of the world with others

Epistemic needs

Reduce uncertainty and ambiguity

Forms of prejudice

Old-fashioned prejudice, Symbolic Prejudice, Aversive Prejudice, Implicit Prejudice

Explicit Prejudice

Conscious, and/or Deliberate and Slow, and/or controllable

Implicit Prejudice

Unconscious, and/or Automatic and Fast, and/or Difficult to control

Implicit Prejudice Measurement

Measure for assessing thoughts outside of conscious awareness or control, usually through performance NOT self reporting

Where do implicit prejudices and stereotypes come from?

Our understanding of social hierarchy (What groups in society are higher status); Our personal identity (Who we are, what our experiences have been)

Does implicit bias affect behavior?

Yes; EX: White participants with higher implicit racial bias tended to have more awkward/stilted conversations with black experimenter

How do implicit attitudes predict region-level behavior

Regional differences in implicit attitudes linked to: Racial disparities in police stops, Police shootings of unarmed black people, Racial health disparities, Racial disparities in student discipline, Same sex marriage legalization

When are implicit prejudices and stereotypes influential?

Motivation and ability (When you don't think things through); Discretion (When criteria for making a decision are unclear/When info is ambiguous or incomplete); Organizations and Institutions (When policies and systems allow for it)

Blinding

Eliminating the possibility of knowing a person's group

Dimming

Reducing the intensity of group status

Temporary Cloaking

Make a blinded decision, remove blinding, then see if there are unintended consequences

Old Fashion Racism

Whites' absolute belief in their (biological) superiority over other races; A firm belief in racial separation (and subjugation); The use of govt to establish a system of segregation and other forms of discrimination (eg curtailing voting rights)

Symbolic Prejudice

justify policies designed to promote inequality, while generally endorsing equality as an abstract principle

The paradox of symbolic prejudice

People with symbolic prejudice endorse racial equality in principle, but oppose policies that could bring it about

Negative Liberty

the freedom from external restraints for one's actions

Positive Liberty

The ability to take control over one's life and accomplish one's goals

How is the paradox resolved

Equality of Opportunity, Equality of Outcome

Equality of Opportunity

Everyone deserves the same chance to succeed; related to neg liberty

Equality of Outcome

Everyone should have the same level of well-being; related to pos liberty

Aversive Prejudice

Having positive explicit attitudes toward black people while holding negative implicit attitudes toward black people, a strong motivation to appear unprejudiced

Intimacy

the degree to which you would feel close to the person

Scriptedness

the degree to which there is a clear script that defines what behaviors are to be performed in a situation

High intimacy, high scripted

visit with doctor

High intimacy, low scripted

long car ride using a carpool program

Low intimacy, high scripted

waiting tables

Low intimacy, low scripted

sitting down with someone at a library table

In terms of aversive prejudice, white people prefer (high/low) intimacy and (high/low) scripted interactions with black people

Low, high

In terms of aversive prejudice, white people avoid (high/low) intimacy and (high/low) scripted interactions with black people

high, low

The habituation paradigm

When a pre-existing stimulus has been completely encoded, dishabituation, looking time = recognition of novelty, difference, or change

How do we measure recognition of social categories?

The habituation paradigm, preferential looking method

Preferential looking method

when a pre-existing stimulus has NOT been completely encoded, looking time = preference

The habituation paradigm experiment result

Babies can categorize age and gender from looks alone

Preferential looking method experiment result

Newborns had no race-based difference in looking time; 3 month olds spent more looking time for white faces -> Nonverbal preferences based on race develop with experience; Infants preferred English speaker

Conscious awareness of social categories

Conscious awareness of social categories begins with development of language; 2 rules: Visibility of social category, Primacy of social category in everyday life

Awareness development timeline

Age (early), Gender (2-3 yrs), race/ethnicity (4-5 yrs), abstract/less visible categories (later in life unless they are prominent in early life)

Children vs Adults determining race

adults rely on both skin color and facial features, children rely mostly on skin color

Development of racial prejudice

Are you a member of a majority or minority group? How much contact do you have with members of minority groups?

When does prejudice peak for children

5-7 yrs, Have internalized social categories, BUT Haven't internalized egalitarian norms yet

How did being in minority/majority group affect prejudice in children?

Majority group low opportunity for contact->Prejudice increase over time; Majority group, high opportunity for contact-> Prejudice decrease starting 5-7; Minority group-> Prejudice increase over time

What are the reasons why white parents don't have discussions about race with their kids?

The worry that discussing race will make their white children racist; White children are too young to talk about racism; Race and racism are irrelevant to their white children's lives

Explicit prejudice (increases/decreases/remains the same) over time

decreases

Implicit prejudice (increases/decreases/remains the same) over time

remains the same; Implicit prejudice actually increases, but adults get better at controlling them

Why does explicit prejudice decrease?

Near universal quality of racial equality

Why does implicit prejudice remain the same?

Stability of attitude, Stability of cultural messages

When does preference for one's own gender develop?

3-4 yrs, awareness develops at 2-3

When do gender preferences decline? Why?

Puberty, heterosexual attraction

Prejudice reduction toward gay/lesbian people seems to be stronger among ________ people

young

Cognitive development

Centers around the development of cognitive abilities as kids grow up

How does prejudice and stereotyping come about according to "Cognitive Development"?

Develops naturally as brains age and will decrease as cognitive abilities become more advanced

Aboud's 3 stage model (1988)

Focus on self and emotional response; Noticing similarities and dissimilarities between other people; Conceptual understanding of internal mental states

Egocentrism

belief that everyone sees what they see, ex: Young children have difficulty seeing between their perspective of the world and everyone else's

(Similarities/Differences) between groups are _____

Differences, Exaggerated

Mental State Study (chalik rivera rhodes 2014)

As children develop better ability to reason about others' mental states, they become more likely to rely on info about individuals

Social development

The development of how children learn to interact with the social world

What are the two major research traditions in developmental psych about how prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination come about?

Cognitive Development, Social Development

How does prejudice and stereotyping come about according to "Social Development"?

Develops according to children's experience with the world and will NOT develop under certain contexts

Types of social learning

Direct instruction, Observational learning, Vicarious learning

Direct instruction

Being explicitly taught about groups (taught w/ instruction or even avoidance of discussion)

Observational learning

Observing others' discriminatory behavior and attitudes, Attitudes and nonverbal behavior study

Are young children learning from attitudes, behaviors, or both?

BOTH-> Attitudes and nonverbal behavior study, all 4 conditions (Positive verbal attitude, Negative verbal attitude, Friendly nonverbal behavior, Uneasy nonverbal behavior) affect the children's attitudes toward a black adult

Vicarious learning

Observing how others are rewarded/punished