history- cold war topic 2 (cold war crisis)

what caused the **Berlin wall** @@**(1958-63)**@@ ?

East Germans did not like having a commi gov, **better jobs and wages in the west.** Many @@**East Berliners began to travel to the west,**@@ leaving the **west increasing in population and thriving economy**, whilst the ==**east had a skills shortage. led to** __**Khrushchev’s ultimatum**__==

what was a ==**consequence**== of the Berlin wall?

there was two Germany’s with different ideologies and alliances. **Kennedy stated that a wall was better than a war.** ==**Kennedy also visited West Berlin in 1963 and broadcasted a speech called “Ich bin ein Berliner”, expressing his solidarity**==

what was **Khrushchev’s ultimatum** @@**(November 1958)**@@ ?

stated that all of @@**Berlin belonged to East Germany and occupying troops had six months to leave.**@@ could not risk a war breakout as **U.S had more weapons.** This led to a series of meetings @@**( geneva, camp david, paris, vienna)**@@

what happened at the **Geneva meeting** @@**(May 1959)**@@ ?

involved only foreign representatives, **no solutions. Led to the Camp david meeting**

what happened at the **Camp David** meeting @@**(Sept 1959)**@@ ?

**no solutions, led to paris summit**

what happened at the **Paris** summit ==**(May 1960)**== ?

==**involved** __**Eisenhower and Khrushchev**__**. Khrushchev stormed out because it was discovered that the US lied about the Soviet union shooting down a U2 spy plane over Russia.**== Khrushchev stormed out. Led to the **vienna conference**

what happened at the **vienna** conference ==**( June 1961)**== ?

involved **Kennedy and Khrushchev**. neither was wiling to back down, ==**Khrushchev exploited Kennedy’s inexperience and reissued the ultimatum**==

Berlin wall

as a consequence for the meetings, K**hrushchev built the walls up on the** ==**12th august 1961**== as could not risk a nuclear war, any **east berliner trying to cross would be shot** and ==**soviet tanks were deployed to prevent western access to the east. western powers still stayed in berlin**==

what caused the **cuban missile crisis**?

Before **1959**, Cuba heavily liked with US. ==**Cuba had a socialist gov that US refused to support so built economic links with Soviets. CIA tried to assassinate Fidel Castro, also tried to convince Kennedy that US backed an invasion of Cuba**==

what happened at the ==**Bay of Pigs**== **(Cuban missile crisis)** ?

CIA told Kennedy that it would look like a **Cuban revolt-** as they trained ==**Cuban exiles and disguised old US planes as Cuban**==. **Castro’s control was also very weak** and most Cubans hated Castro. The ==**planes ended up getting recognised and was published to the world. 1400 US backed troops met 20,000 of Castro’s troops.**==

what was the ==**short term consequences**== of the **cuban missile crisis** **in** **1962**?

**16th Oct: US spy plane found missile sites on cuba**

==**22nd Oct: Kennedy orders a blockade on cuba**==

**24th Oct: Soviet ships stop before the blockade**

==**25th Oct: USA and Soviets prepare for immediate nuclear attack**==

==**26-27th Oct: Cuba gets ready for invasion whilst Khrushchev offers to remove missiles from cuba as long as US does same for Italy and Turkey**==

==**28th Oct: missiles withdrawn in return for US to agree to never attack Cuba**==

what was the **long term consequences** of the cuban missile crisis?

US and soviets entered a period of ==**detente**==. ==**Hotline Agreement set up allowing communication links between US and Soviets. Limited Test Ban Treaty** __**(aug 1963)**__ **- both sides ban nuclear weapons.** __**Outer Space Treaty (1967)**__**- banned the deployment of nuclear weapons in space.**==

what caused the ==**soviet invasion of czechslovakia**==?

lack of freedom, weak economy and thought the USA would support them, __**peaceful protests around the country.**__ Dubcek was **communist and wanted to make communism easier to live under, calling it ‘socialism with a human face’**

what was the @@**prague spring reforms**@@ in the soviet invasion of czechslovakia?

**relaxation of censorship**, **freedom of speech,** more democracy, more power given to the czech parliament, **soviet control was reduced.** although this **angered Brezhnev**

what was **Brezhnev’s** response to **Dubcek’s reforms**?

Brezhnev could not allow the reforms as it could **mean the end of the Warsaw pact.** @@**August 1968: Soviet Union sent tanks to Prague where Dubcek was arrested and sentenced.**@@

what was the @@**consequences**@@ of the invasion of czechslovakia?

@@**Brezhnev released a doctrine that stated that soviets had the right to invade any eastern bloc country that was threatening the security of the eastern bloc as a whole.**@@ **USA condemned** and **western** european **countries** were horrified and declared themselves as **independent.**