Chapter 6- Skeletal system

What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause?

decreased epiphyseal plate activity

What is the first stage in the healing of a bone fracture?

formation of a hematoma

An imbalance that activates these bone cells would lead to a loss of bone density.

osteoclasts

Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream?

parathyroid hormone

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption (breaking bone down) for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?

osteoclast

Which of the following is the single most important stimulus for epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood?

growth hormone

7 functions of bones

1) Support
2) Protection
3) Movement
4) Mineral and growth factor storage
5) Hematopoiesis (blood cell formation)
6) Triglyceride storage
7) Hormone production

3 types of skeletal cartilage

1. Hyaline
2. Elastic
3. Fibrocartilage

which cartilage type does the most bone develop from?

Hyaline

axial skeleton

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

appendicular skeleton

The portion of the skeleton that attaches to the axial skeleton and has the limbs attached to it

long bones

bones of the arms and legs

Flat bones

bones of the ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull

Short bones

carpals and tarsals

irregular bones

bones of the vertebrae and face

sesamoid bones

patella

spongy bone

Layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone.

compact bone

Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone

structure of long bone

Epiphyses and diaphysis
Compact and spongy bone
Marrow cavity
Articular cartilage
Periosteum

osteogenic cells

stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts

Ostebolasts

cells responsible for making bones

Osteocytes

mature bone cells

bone lining cells

flat cells found on bone surfaces where bone remodeling is not going on

Osteoclasts

cells that break down bone matrix

lamellar bone

Mature bone in sheets called lamellae. Fibers are oriented in one direction in each layer, but in different directions in different layers for strength.

endochondral ossification

Process of transforming cartilage into bone.

Intramembranes ossification

bone develops from fibrous membrane early development fetal tissue forms bones of the skull

interstitial growth

growth in length of bones

appositional growth

increase in bone thickness

growth hormone

hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland that stimulates growth of bones

thyroid gland

produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth

how does the body control bone remodeling?

Negative feedback hormonal loop for calcium homeostasis
Responses to mechanical and gravitational forces

Role of PTH

release Calcium from bone

Wolff's Law

A bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed upon it

fracture treatment

reduction and immobilization

depressed fracture

broken bone portion is pressed inward, typical of skull fracture

greenstick fracture

bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children

spiral bone fracture

ragged break when bone is excessively twisted; common sports injury

epiphyseal fracture

epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate

comminuted fracture

fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed

Compresion Fracture

Shattering of the bone common in the vertebrae