INTRO TO PSYCH REVIEWER (PSYCHNOTES)

Psychology

"the study of the soul," from Modern Latin psychologia. the science of behavior and mental processes.

16th century, mid-1800s

The term “psychology” wasn’t coined until around the turn of the _________ __,__and the practice wasn’t established until the ____________.

IMPERIAL EXAMINATION

2,000 years ago, Chinese rulers conducted the world’s first psychological exams, requiring public officials to take personality and intelligence tests.

ARISTOTLE

Greek philosopher who argued for the role of nurture in psychological development.

pondered the seed of human consciousness and decided that it was in the heart, not the head.

THOMAS HOBBES

his doctrine is that human behavior is directed by self-interest which is now known as psychological hedonism

RENE DESCARTES

he was the first to write the concept of emotions and his famous quotation “I think therefore I am” elucidated his focus on the importance of cognition in the human experience.

most known for his concept of dualism.

JOHN LOCKE

he considered personal identity (or the self) to be founded on consciousness (memory) and not on the substance of either the soul or the body.

believes the environment shapes a child’s behavior.

JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU

advocated strongly that in view of inherent potential, children should be facilitated and self-learning is the best way.

disagreed with Locke and his model was called “nativism.”

GUSTAV FECHNER

German experimental psychologist who developed the idea of the just noticeable difference (JFD), which is considered to be the first empirical psychological measurement.

CHARLES DARWIN

British naturalist whose theory of natural selection influenced the functionalist school and the field of evolutionary psychology.

WILHELM WUNDT

German psychologist who opened one of the first psychology laboratories and helped develop the field of structuralism.

WILLIAM JAMES

American psychologist who opened one of the first psychology laboratories and helped develop the field of functionalism.

IVAN PAVLOV

Russian physiologist whose experiments on learning led to the principles of classical conditioning

HERMAN EBBINGHAUS

German psychologist who studied the ability of people to remember lists of nonsense syllables under different conditions.

SIGMUND FREUD

Austrian psychologist who founded the field of psychodynamic psychology

EDWARD TITCHENER

American psychologist who contributed to the field of “structuralism”.

JOHN B. WATSON

American psychologist who contributed to the field of “behaviorism”

SIR FREDERIC BARLETT

British psychologist who studied the cognitive and social processes of remembering.

JEAN PIAGET

Swiss psychologist who developed an important theory of cognitive development in children.

B.F. SKINNER

American psychologist who contributed to the school of behaviorism.

DONALD BROADBENT

British cognitive psychologist who was a pioneer in the study of attention.

MARY WHITON CALKINS

the first female president of the American Psychological Association (APA).

the study of memory and the self-concept

MARGARET FLOY WASHBURN

the first woman to earn a doctorate in psychology from Cornell University.

the second female president of APA in 1921.

her research focused on animal behavior

LETA STETTER HOLLINGWORTH

focused her research on women and child development.

disproved the prevailing belief at the time that female abilities were inferior to those of males, and that female ability declined during menstruation.

ANNA FREUD

the daughter of Sigmund Freud, developed the basic concepts in the theoretical and practical approach to child psychoanalysis.

SIGMUND FREUD

the most tremendously influential and controversial thinker of his time.

his theories helped build our views on childhood, personality, dreams, and sexuality.

the founder of psychoanalysis.

1900, The Interpretation of Dreams

in _____ Freud published his book “__________” where he introduced his theory of psychoanalysis.

radical kernel of psychoanalysis

was the theory that our personalities are shaped by unconscious motives

20

after the Interpretation of Dreams, Freud went on to publish over ______ more books and countless papers with an iconic cigar in hand all the while.

jaw cancer

he believed smoking helped him think, but it also helped him get ________.

16, 30

during the last _____ years of his life, he underwent at least _____ painful operations while continuing to smoke

late 1930s, England

by the _____ , the Nazis had taken over Austria, and Freud and his Jewish family narrowly escaped _____ .

September 1939, morphine injection, 83

by _____ , the pain in his cancerous jaw was too great and a doctor friend assisted him in suicide through _____ . He was _____.

integrative science

Psychology is an __________

STRUCTURALISM

Used the method of introspection to identify the basic elements or “structures” of psychological experience

FUNCTIONALISM

Attempts to understand why animals and humans have developed the particular psychological aspects that they currently possess.

PSYCHODYNAMIC

Focuses on the role of our unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories, and our early childhood experiences in determining behavior.

BEHAVIORISM

Based on the premise that it is not possible to objectively study the mind, and therefore that psychologists should limit their attention to the study of behavior itself.

BIOLOGICAL

Focuses on the role of biology on human behavior and mental processes.

HUMANISTIC

Emphasis is placed on the individual’s potential for personal growth.

COGNITIVE

The study of mental processes, including perception, thinking, memory, and judgments.

SOCIO-CULTURAL

The study of how the social situations and the cultures in which people find themselves influence thinking and behavior.

EVOLUTIONARY

Focuses on adaptation and survival as the basis of behavior and mental processes.

STRUCTURALISM, FUNCTIONALISM, PSYCHODYNAMIC, BEHAVIORISM, BIOLOGICAL, HUMANISTIC, COGNITIVE, SOCIO-CULTURAL, EVOLUTIONARY

THE 9 PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

PSYCHOLOGIST

has generally been trained to understand research and earned a doctoral degree in psychology (Ph.D. or Psy.D).

psychologists who do testing and therapy are usually licensed by the state.

PSYCHIATRIST

go to medical school to earn an MD and then receive special training in how to treat mental illness.

like other physicians, they frequently prescribe medication or use other physiological tests and treatments.

PSYCHOLOGY, PSYCHIATRY, SOCIAL WORK

______, ______, and ______ are related disciplines. These disciplines may share research and sometimes work as members of a team.

SOCIAL WORKERS, COUNSELORS, master’s degree

______ and ______ generally have at least a ______. They generally work for institutions or agencies. Some practice independently and specialize in treating a specific type of problem.

b

Anna examines the link between specific sites in the brain and the muscular tremors of people affected by Parkinson’s disease. She also attempts to determine how our people’s emotions are related to physical sensations. Anna is in the field of?

a. Clinical & Counseling Psychology

b. Biopsychology & Neuroscience

c. Developmental Psychology

d. Cognitive Psychology

BIOPSYCHOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE

Examines the physiological bases of behavior in animals and humans by studying the functioning of different brain areas and the effects of hormones and neurotransmitters on behavior.

Work in research settings: Universities, Federal government, Private research labs

a

Nico was trained to diagnose and assess problems that range from crises of everyday life. He evaluates his client’s unhappiness over a breakup in a relationship to more extremes, lingering depression. Nico is in the field of?

a. Clinical & Counseling Psychology

b. Health Psychology

c. Developmental Psychology

d. Cognitive Psychology

CLINICAL AND COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY

The focus is on the assessment, diagnosis, causes, and treatment of mental disorders. They provide therapy to patients with the goal of improving their life experiences.

Hospitals, schools, social agencies, and private practice. Entry to the academic program is highly competitive.

d

Mary focuses on higher mental processes, including thinking, memory, reasoning, problem-solving, judging, decision-making, and language. Mary is in the field of?

a. Forensic Psychology

b. Health Psychology

c. Developmental Psychology

d. Cognitive Psychology

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

Uses sophisticated research methods, including reaction time and brain imaging to study memory, language, and thinking.

Research settings and consult for businesses

c

Beth investigates changes in human behavior in accordance with one’s chronological age across an entire lifespan. Beth is in the field of?

a. Forensic Psychology

b. Health Psychology

c. Developmental Psychology

d. Community Psychology

DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

Conduct research on the cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur across the lifespan.

To help improve and evaluate the effectiveness of intervention programs such as Head Start.

Research settings, schools, and community agencies

a

Jane uses psychological science to support the judicial system and other organizations dedicated to public safety. Her expertise and assessments are important in a range of issues that straddle the psychology and legal fields. Jane is in the field of?

a. Forensic Psychology

b. Legal Psychology

c. Court-trial Psychology

d. Community Psychology

FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY

Apply psychological principles to understand the behavior of judges, attorneys, courtroom juries, and others in the criminal justice system.

Criminal justice system

b

Carla studies the factors that allow people to recover from an illness or cope with a chronic condition. She is working with other doctors to provide whole-person fitness care. Carla is in the field of?

a. Personality Psychology

b. Health Psychology

c. Fitness Psychology

d. Clinical Psychology

HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY

Concerned with understanding how biology, behavior, and social situation influence health and illness.

Clinical settings, conduct research, teach at universities

b

Bryan considers how individuals, communities, and societies are interconnected, rather than focusing solely on the individual. Bryan is in the field of?

a. Personality Psychology

b. Community Psychology

c. Counseling Psychology

d. Experimental Psychology

COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY

Study how individuals relate to their community and the reciprocal effect of communities on individuals.

Conduct research

c

Jewell focuses on the behavior of employees in the workplace. She applies psychological principles and research methods to improve the overall work environment, including performance, communication, professional satisfaction, and safety. Jewell is in the field of?

a. Industrial Psychology

b. Organizational Psychology

c. Industrial/Organizational Psychology

d. HR Psychology

INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL (I/O) PSYCHOLOGY

Applies psychology to the workplace with the goal of improving the performance and well-being of employees.

Help select employees, evaluate employee performance, and examine the effects of different working conditions on behavior. Design equipment and environments to improve employee performance and reduce accidents.

c

Jasmine studies individual differences particularly in people’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior, and how these come together as a whole. Jasmine is in the field of?

a. Developmental Psychology

b. Cognitive Psychology

c. Personality Psychology

d. Social Psychology

PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY

Study people and the differences among them. The goal is to develop theories that explain the psychological processes of individuals and to focus on individual differences.

Academic settings, advertising, and marketing, Ph.D. programs in personality psychology are often connected with programs in social psychology

c

Ruth largely focuses on the individual learner and helps them to succeed personally and academically. Ruth is in the field of?

a. Developmental Psychology

b. Cognitive Psychology

c. School &Educational Psychology

d. Academic Psychology

SCHOOL AND EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY

Studies how people learn in school, the effectiveness of school programs, and the psychology of teaching.

Work in elementary and secondary schools or school district offices

d

Eric studies how people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. Eric is in the field of?

a. Developmental Psychology

b. Cultural Psychology

c. Sports Psychology

d. Social & Cross-Cultural Psychology

SOCIAL AND CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY

Examines people’s interactions with other people. Topics of study include conformity, group behavior, leadership, attitudes, and person perception.

c

Kim helps athletes improve their performance. He works with athletes on motivation, stress management, visualization, effective teamwork, and other psychological factors in athletic performance. Kim is in the field of?

a. Athletics Psychology

b. Stamina Psychology

c. Sports Psychology

d. Social Psychology

SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY

Studies the psychological aspects of sports behavior.

The goal is to understand the factors that influence performance in sports, including exercise and team interactions.

17TH CENTURY

What Year?

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

UNIVERSITY OF SAN CARLOS

1900s

What Year?

Brought to the Philippines by the Spanish priests

Part of the Philosophy Department

**1926**

What Year?

Department of Psychology (School of Education)

University of the Philippines

1930s

What Year?

UST (first institution to offer a Bachelor of Science in Psychology and Master’s and Doctorate degrees in the field)

Psychology Department

1948

What Year?

UST, The BS Psychology degree was offered

Departments of psychology, guidance and counseling

________ relied heavily on education courses particularly those in ___________ .

organized and offered, departments of education

In schools without psychology departments, psychology courses were ___________ primarily by colleges or ___________ to serve their needs.

AGUSTIN ALONZO

Received a Bachelor’s and Master’s Degree in Education from the UP

The first psychologist to become head of the UP Department of Psychology

Isidro Panlasigui

Received a Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from the University of Chicago in 1926

Received his Ph.D. in Education from the University of Iowa in 1928

Succeeded Alonzo as chairman of UP’s Psychology Department

SINFOROSO PADILLA

The first to major in Psychology from the undergraduate to the doctoral level

Reorganized the experimental psychology laboratory and established the Psychological Clinic at the UP in 1932

Student of Agustin Alonzo

Had an A.B. Psychology from Willamette in 1924

M.A. from the University of Oregon in 1926

Ph.D. from the University of Michigan in 1928

JESUS PERPIŃAN

Received his B.S.E. degree from Silliman University

M.A. from Columbia University

Ph.D. in Psychology from the Iowa State University in 1933

Set up the FEU Psychological Clinic and became head of the Department of Psychology

ELIAS BUMATAY

Received a Ph.D. in Educational Psychology from the University of Texas in 1940

Became the Dean of the College of Education at National University

ANGEL DE BLAS, O.P.

Chairman of the Department of Psychology at UST in the early 1930s to 1954

Received his Ph.D. in Philosophy from UST in 1934

established the Experimental Psychology Laboratory at UST in 1938

EMMANUEL VIT SAMSON

A physician

Chairman of UST’s Psychology Department for 18 years

ESTEFANIA ALDABA-LIM

Received her undergraduate training in Education at the Philippine Women’s University (PWU)

M.A. in Education from the UP

Received her Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology at the University of Michigan

The first Filipino to receive a Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology

Began the psychology program at PWU in 1948 with the establishment of its Institute for Human Relations

Student of Sinforoso Padilla

ALFREDO LAGMAY

Student of Sinforoso Padilla

Obtained A.B. and M.A. degrees in Philosophy from the UP before going to Harvard University where he received a Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology in 1955

Became chairman of the UP Psychology Department for 22 years

MARIANO OBIAS

Student of Sinforoso Padilla

Received his Ph.D. in Comparative and Physiological Psychology from Stanford University in 1955

Joined Caltex Philippines as head of their Personnel Department

JAIME BULATAO, S.J.

Received his Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology from Fordham University in 1961

Established the Department of Psychology at the Ateneo de Manila University

set up

Departments of psychology were _______

Institutes and clinics, established

_____ offering psychological services to the community were _____ .

psychology courses, increased

The range of _____ offered ______.

The first courses taught were:

General Psychology, Genetic Psychology, Educational Psychology and Tests and Measurements.

Gradually, new courses were introduced such as

Experimental Psychology, Personality Theory, Abnormal Psychology, Comparative Psychology, and Social Psychology

1932

What year?

The first psychological clinic was set up by Sinforoso Padilla at the UP.

The clients at this clinic were mainly students but outsiders were also accepted.

Counseling and therapy were the main services offered. Hypnosis was used.

Suspended in 1941 and was never reestablished after World War II.

1948

What year?

The Institute of Human Relations was established at PWU by Estefania Aldaba-Lim.

Consisted of a clinical psychologist (Aldaba-Lim) as head and a staff consisting of a guidance counselor who was also the chief of the student counseling center, a full-time psychiatric social worker, two consultant psychiatrists, two-remedial reading scientists, and two junior level psychologists.

Have the earliest recorded systematic practicum program for psychology students

October 1947

What Month and Year?

Jaime Zaguirre, psychiatrist and part-time instructor of clinical psychology at the UP set up the first neuropsychological services unit at the V. Luna General Hospital with clinical psychologist Olga Ruiz de Araña.

At this unit, psychiatrists, psychologists, and social worker composed a team. Their clients were military personnel and civilians

1960s to 1980s

Since the abolition of the undergraduate pre-med course, psychology has been used as one of the preparatory courses for medicine.

The Psychological Association of the Philippines,1962

__________ was founded in __________ and its annual convention held traditionally at the National Science Development Board (now National Science and Technology Authority) pavilion at Taft Avenue became the forum for the reading of scientific papers