AP EURO: Early Renaissance

Unit 1: Renaissance and Exploration

humanism

one of the first Renaissance movements inspired by Greek and Roman literary works. It also focused on perfecting oneself and debunked religious explanation for things

naturalism

reality of an object or event

classicism

the study of Greek and Roman texts

secularism

separating state from religious ideas

individualism

perfecting oneself and desire to gain knowledge

Italian Renaissance art focused on…

perspective and naturalism

artists became…

equals within the upper class and were considered geniuses who were intellectually elite

Northern Renaissance art focused on…

detail, religion, and oil paints

change in diplomacy

Ambassadors began representing their own state instead of the entire Christiandom

differences between Italian art and Northern art

Italian: human body, classic Greece and Rome, one focus, naturalism

Northern: oil paint, details, emotional religious, everyday

Christian humanists

changed their study of Christianity to focus on the origin of the religion. They popularized education not because of the liberal arts, but because of the desire to spread Christianity. They also believed a change in society must first start with a change in an individual

issues with the Catholic Church

The popes lacked spiritual leadership, and because many higher members began to take over more than one church office, they hired others to do their job for them, but the hired people lacked qualification.This led to a call for reform from the people

French (new) Monarchy

At first, Kings found it hard to assert authority because of the effects of the 100 Years War, but eventually, kings like Charles VII, KIng Louis XI, and Charles the Bold began to establish armies, taxes, and land ownership which led to a strong monarchy.

England (new) Monarchy

Also strained by the 100 years war, England struggled with money and man power. Eventually, a civil war grew where Henry Tudor beat Richard III and established the Tudor dynasty. Henry Tudor was successful in raising finances and gaining the kingdoms favor as well as keeping the nobles in check; however, he did not excel in gathering man power for war, but overall, set a strong foundation for the monarchy

Spain

Independent Christian Kingdoms: Aragon, Castile, Monarchy of Portugal, Navarre, and Muslim Kingdom of Granada, until Ferdinand and Isabella married and joined regions. Their military was the best in Europe and they called for reform of the Catholic Church. Additionally, they exiled Muslims and Jews

Habsburgs

They didn’t develop a strong monarchy, but they did contain great political marriages. By the end of the string of marriages, the heir found himself the ruler of Habsburg, Burgundian, and Spain. Additionally, Habsburgs fought with France and Germany

Eastern Europe “monarchies”

The failed Eastern Europe monarchies consisted of Poland, Bohemia, Hungary, and Russia whom failed due to the vast difference in religion. Most struggled with money and population; however, in Russia things were a little different and the princes of Moscow used the Mongols until they eventually annexed the other Russian principalities and called themselves Moscow

Ottomans

“golden age” due to mass expansion across the region

Portugal motives for expansion

stories from the lands in the world, the economy, and religion

Portugal means for expansion

maps, ships, and sailing

Portugal search for spices

Bartolomeu Dias sailed around the Cape of Good Hope, but turned back. Then, Vasco de Gama finished the trip and brought back valuable spices. After, Alfonso de Albuquerque began conquering ports along the coast of India, and China and Portugal began to dominate the spice trade.

Niccolo Machiavelli

A civic humanist who said that a leader should have the ability to be all things at once (feared and loved). Also, a prince should have a good impression on others and should never stop thinking about war. Also, Machiavelli viewed people as bad by nature so they should enter

Erasmus

Believed people should perfect themselves as individuals but should also be enriched with the “philosophy of Christ”. He also says that a leader should avoid war and appreciate compromise

major renaissance artists

Leonardo da Vinci,