Unit 1 Junior Year Biology (Macromolecules, Water, Biochemistry)

what type of bond is between one molecule of water

polar covalent

what type of bond is between two molecules of water

hydrogen bonds

properties of water

versatile solvent, cohesion/adhesion, heat of vaporization (latent heat), high specific heat, less dense as a solid

versatile solvent

Water's ability to dissolve more solutes than any other solvent due to polarity

cohesion/adhesion

cohesion: water bonds to water
adhesion: water bonds to anything else

heat of vaporization

The amount of energy required for the liquid at its boiling point to become a gas/ latent heat/ ability to turn into a gas

high specific heat

ability to regulate temperature

less dense as a solid

ice floats

nonpolar hydrophobic does what with water

repels it

monomer

building blocks of polymers

polymer

three or more monomers covalently bonded

anabolic/synthesis reactions

building
stores energy by making bonds
enzyme is needed
water is removed
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS/CONDENSATION REACTION

dehydration synthesis

water is removed to bond molecules

catabolic/digestion reactions

releases energy
enzyme needed
water is added
HYDROLYSIS

hydrolysis

adding water to break bonds

catabolic feeds...

anabolic

carbohydrates functions

immediate energy/raw materials

carbohydrates components

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

carbohydrates formula

ch2o bc 1:2:1 ratio of c:h:o

what is every point on a carbon hexagon

every point is a carbon unless labelled otherwise

GLUCOSE STRUCTURE

C6 H12 O6 hexagon

carbohydrate monomer

monosaccharide

polymers of carbs

cellulose, chitin, starch, glycogen

polymers of carbs that give structure

animal chitin
plant cellulose

polymer carbs storage

plant starch
animal glycogen

how to build a sugar

hydroxyl groups connect

glycosidic linkage

2 sugars bonded covalently (by dehydration synthesis?)

a standalone 5 or 6 sided ring is usually a

sugar

alpha glucose

hydroxyl on bottom

beta glucose

hydroxyl on top

cellulose

cell walls of plants and fungi

chitin

exoskeleton of insects

lipid components

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

lipids functions

long term energy storage
insulation and protection
cell membrane

why are lipids so energetic

have a lot of hydrogen and hydrogen has energy

monomers of lipids

no true monomers bc no repeating subunits

monomers of lipids if we are being lax about it

glycerol and fatty acids

classes of lipids

fats, oils, waxes, steroid hormones

GLYCEROL STRUCTURE

3 carbons attached to 3 OH

ester linkage

bond between hydroxyl of glycerol and carboxyl of fatty acid

saturated fats

carbon to carbon bonds are single covalent bonds
solid at room temperature
animal fats

unsaturated fats

carbon to carbon bonds have at least one double bond
liquid at room temperature
plant fats

phospholipid structure

hydrophilic head
two hydrophobic fatty acid tails; one saturated, one unsaturated

phoshpolipid where

cell membrane

head of a phospholipid composition

choline
phosphate
glycerol
hydrophilic

protein components

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur

protein monomer

amino acid

How many amino acids are there?

20

amino acid structure

Central carbon atom
Amino group
Carboxyl group
Single hydrogen
Variable R group

protein polymer

polypeptide

protein function

enzymes but also EVERYTHING EXCEPT ENERGY, NEVER ENERGY BUT EVERYTHING ELSE

protein bond name

peptide bond

peptide bond

between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid

terminuses of a polypeptide chain

N terminus and C terminus

n terminus

exposed amino

c terminus

exposed carboxyl

primary structure of protein

single polypeptide chain
nonfunctional protein

secondary structure of protein

single polypeptide chain
nonfunctional protein
local folding- alpha helices/beta pleated sheets bc of hydrogen bonds between amino and carboxyl groups

tertiary structure of protein

single polypeptide chain
nonfunctional protein
whole molecule folding bc of more hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges, van der waals interactions
hydrophobic interior folds

quaternary structure

three or more polypeptides bonded together
fully functional protein

valence electrons are involved in-?

chemical reactions

most/96% of living matter is

c h o n

Most of the remaining 4% consists of

calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur

ionic bonds

salts and transfer of electrons with charges

covalent bonds

sharing of electrons

polar covalent

unequal sharing of electrons

nonpolar covalent

equal sharing of electrons

How many bonds can carbon make?

4 covalent bonds

carbon is the

backbone of life

carbon shapes

linear, branched, rings

glucose chemical formula

C6H12O6

hydrocarbons

only contain carbon and hydrogen
nonpolar

functional groups

directly involved in chemical reactions
gives organic molecules their unique properties

hydroxyl

alcohol, -OH

ribose structure

five carbon ring with surrounding Os and Hs

carbonyl locations

at end OR within organic molecule
end is aldehyde
within is ketone

carbonyl ketone

within carbon skeleton

carbonyl aldehyde

end of carbon skeleton

carboxyl

carboxylic acid

amino group

amines

sulfhydryl

Thiols (R-SH)

phosphate

organic phosphates

ionized phosphate form

no hydrogen it seems

methyl

alkanes r-ch3