Biology Final

Step one of a scientific investigation

making an observation

step two of a scientific investigation

stating a question

step three of a scientific investigation

making a hypothesis

step four of a scientific investigation

conducting an experiment

step five for a scientific investigation

analyzing data and drawing conclusions

Biology

The study of life

Theory

A unifying explanation for a broad range of observations

Growth and development

Cells divide and grow and develop into new cell types

Reproduction

organisms produce new organisms like themselves

Homeostasis

The maintenance of stable internal conditions

metabolism

Sum of all the chemical reactions that take in and transform energy

Response to stimuli

reactions to changes in enviornment

change through time

evolution

Organization and Cells

degree and order within an organism

7 characteristics of life

Organization and cells, reproduction, homeostasis, metabolism, response to stimuli, growth and development, change through time

organic molceules

molecules that are made from carbon

atom is made up of

protons, neutrons, electrons

element

cannot be broken down to any other substance by ordinary chemical means

symbols

abbreviations for elements

covalent bond

sharing of electrons

Ionic bond

transfer of electrons

oil and water do not mix because water is

polar

oil and water do not mix because oil is

non-polar

glucose

monosaccharide

sucrose

disaccharide

Carbohydrates contain

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

building blocks of carbohydrates

monosaccharides

building blocks of proteins

20 amino acids

enzyme

a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.

Why are enzymes important

They speed up chemical reactions

substrates

how enzymes recognize what they act upon

magnification

the ability of a microscope to make an object appear larger

resolution

the ability to distinguish small, close objects

Objective lenses

lenses right above the object on the stage

Three lenses of a light microscope

scanning, low power, high power

total magnification is obtained by

multiplying the objective and eyepiece lens

field of view

The area visible through the microscope eyepiece

the objective with the largest field of view

scanning power

Cell theory

all living organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function and cells are produced only from existing cells

Cell wall

provides a support system for plant cells

ATP is produced in the

mitochondria

Chloroplast

photosynthesis takes place

eukaryotic cells

has membrane bound organelles and a nucleus

prokaryotic cells

doesn't have membrane bound organelles and a nucleus

rough endoplasmic reticulum

proteins are synthesized on this organelle

organelles found in plant cells but absent in animal cells

cell wall, chloroplast, central vacuole

Makes up the cell wall

cellulose

starch

storage of glucose in plants

phospholipids

primary component of cell membrane

nuclues

part of cell holds DNA and Rna responsible for growth and reproduction, surrounded by nuclear membrane

nucleolus

found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

DNA

a molecule containing the genetic information that makes up chromosomes

Chromatin

cluster of DNA, RNA, and histone proteins inside the nucleus

cilia and flagella

hairlike structures that extend from the surface of the cell, where they assist in movement

cell plasma membrane

controls entry into and out of the cell

process that takes place on Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

channel network for moving proteins and lipid on the ribosomes

active transport

the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration assisted by enzymes and requiring energy

endocytosis

entrance of polysaccharides or proteins into the cell

exocytosis

release of proteins out of the cell

lipid bilayer

formation of a double layer of phospholipids

receptor proteins

specialized to transmit information from the world outside the cell to the inside

solute

substance that gets dissolved

solvent

substance that does the dissolving

solution

mixture of solute and solvent

marker protein

proteins that identify the cell

Diffusion

movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

osmosis

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

facilitated diffusion

process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through cell membrane channels

passive transport does not require

energy

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion are

passive transport

transport proteins

form doughnut-shaped opening through the lipid bilayer which allow polar substances to pass through

hypertonic solution

Greater solute

Isotonic

equal solute

hypotonic solution

lesser solute

photosynthesis equation

6CO2+6H20-\> C6H12O6 + 6O2

reactants of photosynthesis

H2O, CO2, light

products of photosynthesis

glucose and oxygen

photon

packets of energy that travel in waves

the color we see in an object is

reflected

the colors that we don't see in an object are

absorbed

producers

organisms that make their own food

consumers

organisms that obtain energy from other organisms

Heterotroph

Obtains energy from other organisms

autotroph

makes own food

what happens to chlorophyll in the fall

It breaks down and reflects red and orange

chlorophyll color

green

chromatography

process which separates the parts of a solution or pigments with paper and a solvent

in chromatography the order is

Most polar to least polar

inputs of light reaction

light, H2O, NADP+, ADP

outputs of light reaction

O2, ATP, NADPH

light reactions occurs in

thylakoid

another name for calvin cycle

dark reactions, light independent reaction

outputs of dark reaction

ADP, glucose, NADP

outputs of calvin cycle are used in

light reaction

when does dark reaction occur

in both light and dark

where does the calvin cycle occur

stroma

where oxygen comes from during photosynthesis

break down of water

parts of the cell involved in cellular respiration

cytoplasm and mitochondria

NAD and FAD are

electron acceptors

fermentation

Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen