anatomy exam 1

mizzou prof. hill

Integumentary system

Consists of Skin, hair, nails. Protects against outside environment and maintains water balance.

Skeletal system

Consists of Bones and cartilage. Supports body and stores minerals.

Muscular system

Facilitates movement, pumps blood, moves materials, controls entrance and exit, generates heat. Consists of Skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle.

Nervous system

Transmits signals. Consists of Brain, Spinal cord, nerves

Endocrine system

Produces hormones to regulate metabolism, growth, reproduction, etc. Consists of Glands

Cardiovascular system

Carries nutrients and oxygen, removes wastes, consists of heart and blood vessels.

Lymphatic (immune) system

Guards against infection, consists of lymph vessels and glands, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, cells.

Respiratory system

Brings in oxygen, eliminates carbon dioxide, consists of nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, lungs

Digestive system

Food intake, water and nutrient absorption, elimination of wastes. consists of oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum

Urinary system

Filters blood, removes waste, consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

Reproductive system

Females: mammary glands, ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina. Males: testes, penis, glands, vas deferens.

Standard anatomical position

standing upright, head facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward, thumbs outward, feet flat, toes forward.

Anterior

Towards the front (ventral)

Posterior

Towards the back (dorsal)

Superior (cranial)

Toward the head

Inferior (caudal)

Toward the feet

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline

Is this medial or lateral?

medial

what is adipose tissue?

fat storage tissue

what is loose connective tissue?

flexible tissue

what is the integumentary system?

hair, skin, and nails. protect from outside environment

what does pollex mean?

thumb

what does manus mean?

hand

what does carpal mean?

wrist

what does antebrachial mean?

forearm

what does brachial mean?

arm

what does popliteal mean?

back of knee

what does femoral region mean?

thigh

what does crural mean?

leg

what does pes mean?

foot

what does sural region mean?

calf

what does hallux mean?

big toe

what are connective tissues?

tissue that fills internal spaces, provide structural support for other tissues, transport materials like blood, store energy

types of muscle tissue?

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

different shape names for epithelial tissue?

squamous (flat), cuboidal, columnar

where is simple squamous epithelium?

lungs, capillary beds, heart lining, blood vessel lining

where is simple cuboidal epithelium?

kidney tubules, ovary surface, glands

where is simple columnar epithelium?

stomach, intestines, uterine tubes

where is stratified squamous epithelium?

skin surface, mouth, vagina, anus, esophagus

where is stratified cuboidal epithelium?

glands

where is stratified columnar epithelium?

male urethra

where is ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

respiratory tract, trachea, bronchi

what types are loose connective tissue?

areolar, adipose, reticular

what is areolar tissue?

most widespread of loose connective tissue, in dermis and around organs

what is reticular loose connective tissue?

rare, in bone marrow, stroma of spleen, in lymph nodes

what are types of dense connective tissue?

regular, tendons, ligaments

what is regular dense connective tissue?

aligned, in tendons and ligaments

what is dermis dense connective tissue?

different planes in dermis, perissteum, perichondrium

what is elastic tissue?

stretchy, in arteries, trachea, and vocal cords

what are functions of the skin?

prevent h2o loss, homeostasis, vitamin d, sensory, excretion, damage

what are parts of the skin?

dermis, epidermis, hypodermis

what is the epidermis?

surface level, 4-5 layers

what is dermis?

strong and flexible, 2 layers, middle layer

what is hypodermis?

supports skin, stores fat and insulation, allows movement, areolar and adipose

what are eccrine glands?

main sweat glands that cool you down

what are apocrine glands?

glands that make odor sweat and ear wax

what are ceruminous glands?

apocrine specialized sweat glands that make ear wax

what are mammary glands?

glands in breasts that make milk and help with hormonal balance

What are the functions of the circulatory system?

transport, protection, regulation

what does transport mean in relation to the circulatory system?

It moves important substances all around the body: Oxygen from the lungs to cells, Nutrients from the digestive system to tissues, Hormones from glands to target organs, Wastes (like carbon dioxide and urea) to the lungs and kidneys for removal

what does protection mean in relation to the circulatory system?

It helps keep you healthy by: Carrying white blood cells to fight infection, Using antibodies to target germs, Using platelets and clotting factors to stop bleeding

what does regulation mean in relation to the circulatory system?

It helps maintain homeostasis by: Regulating body temperature, Maintaining pH levels, Controlling fluid balance in tissues

what are the four valves?

tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic

what does the tricuspid valve do?

Prevents backward flow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium and allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle

what does the pulmonary valve do?

Prevents backward flow of blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery and allows blood to flow from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation

what does the mitral valve do?

Prevents backward flow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium and allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.

what does the aortic valve do?

Prevents backward flow of blood from the left ventricle to the aorta and allows blood to flow from the left ventricle to the aorta and out to the body

What is the main function of the valves?

ensure that blood flows in the correct direction, preventing backflow and maintaining the heart's efficiency in pumping blood throughout the body.

what are the chordae tendineae?

tough, fibrous cords that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid and mitral valves, preventing valve prolapse during heart contraction

what are the papillary muscles?

cone-shaped extensions of the ventricular walls that attach to the chordae tendineae and help support and stabilize the heart valves.

what are the three steps of the cardiac cycle?

Ventricular Filling (Diastole), Atrial Systole, Ventricular Systole

what is Ventricular Filling (Diastole)?

The heart muscle is relaxed, Blood flows from the atria into the ventricles, AV valves (mitral & tricuspid) are open, Semilunar valves (aortic & pulmonary) are closed, Most of the ventricular filling happens passively during this phase.

Atrial Systole

The atria contract, They push the last bit of blood into the ventricles, AV valves are still open, Semilunar valves remain closed, This “tops off” the ventricles before they contract.

what is Ventricular Systole?

The ventricles contract, AV valves close (this produces the “lub” sound), Blood is pushed into the: Pulmonary trunk (right ventricle → lungs), Aorta (left ventricle → body), Semilunar valves open during ejection.

what is part of the Right Coronary Artery?

Artery branches: Right coronary artery (RCA), Right marginal artery, Posterior interventricular artery (posterior descending artery). Veins that accompany them: Small cardiac vein → runs with RCA/right marginal, Middle cardiac vein → runs with posterior interventricular artery

what is part of the Left Coronary Artery (LCA)?

Artery branches: Left coronary artery (LCA) splits into: Anterior interventricular artery (LAD), Circumflex artery. Veins that accompany them: Great cardiac vein → runs with LAD (anterior interventricular artery), Great cardiac vein continues along with the circumflex

what does the coronary circulation do?

supplies blood to the heart muscle itself

Identify the three layers of the blood vessels.

Tunica Intima, Tunica Media, Tunica Externa

what is the tunica intima?

Innermost layer, Made of endothelium (simple squamous epithelium) + thin connective tissue, In arteries, it may have an internal elastic membrane

what is the Tunica Media?

Middle layer, Made of smooth muscle + elastic fibers, Responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation, Usually the thickest layer in arteries

what is the Tunica Externa?

Outermost layer, Made of connective tissue, Protects and anchors the vessel

What are arteries?

Carry blood away from the heart, Thick tunica media, Smaller round lumen, No valves (except at heart exit), Withstand high pressure

what are veins?

Carry blood toward the heart, Thinner walls, Larger irregular lumen, Have valves (prevent backflow), Operate under low pressure

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

fluid balance, immunity, fat absorption

what is lymph?

interstitial fluid that has entered lymphatic vessels (water, protein, white blood cells, lipids)- pretty much recycled fluid

what are the major lymphatic organs and structures?

red bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils

what is red bone marrow?

produces all blood cells, b cells mature here

what is the thymus?

t cells mature here, most active in childhood

what is the function of lymph nodes?

filter lymph, contain immune cells, swell during infection

what is the spleen?

filters blood (not lymph), remove old red blood cells, stores platelets, immune surveillance

what do the tonsils do?

Trap pathogens entering through mouth/nose

where does lymph drain?

Right Lymphatic Duct or Thoracic Duct (Left Lymphatic Duct)

what does the Thoracic Duct (Left Lymphatic Duct) drain?

Left arm, Left head/neck, Left thorax, All regions below the diaphragm (both legs, abdomen). Empties into Left subclavian vein

what does the Right Lymphatic Duct drain?

Right arm, Right side of head/neck, Right thorax. Empties into: Right subclavian vein

what are the functions of the respiratory system?

Gas exchange (O₂ in, CO₂ out), Regulates blood pH, Voice production, Olfaction, Filters, warms, moistens air

what is the pleural cavity?

Space between visceral and parietal pleura, Contains pleural fluid, Reduces friction & maintains lung expansion

what are the features of the right lung?

3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior), Wider and shorter, Horizontal fissure present

what are the features of the left lung?

2 lobes, Cardiac notch, Lingula

what are the steps of ventilation?

inspiration and expiration