Zoology 101, UW Madison, EXAM 1

covalent bond

electrons shared between molecules

polar covalent bond

electrons unequally shared between molecules

hydrocarbon

chain of carbons bonded to hydrogens

functional group

type of molecular add on

polar

slight positive and negative

non polar

electrons shared equally, no charge

macromolecule

large molecule, many monomers

dimer

two monomers

hydrolysis

break bond with water

enzyme

biological catalyst

carbohydrate

polysaccharide, polymer

monosaccharide

sugar monomer

disaccharide

two sugar monomers

oligosaccharide

a few sugar monomers

polysaccharides

many sugar monomers

cellulose

plant cell wall polysaccharide

glycogen

animal cell polysaccharide

starch

plant cell energy storage polysaccharide

chitin

polysaccharide exoskeleton

glucose

monosaccharide

amino acid

basic polypeptide unit

protein

folded polypeptide

peptide bond

bond between amino acids

hydrophobic

nonpolar, water hating

hydrophilic

polar, water loving

denaturation

protein unfolding

conformation

how a protein folds

lipid

fat/oil molecule

triglyceride

glycerol and three fatty acids

phospholipid

glycerol, phosphate, and three fatty acids

amphipathic

having hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

micelle

ball of phospholipids

steroid

4 ring structure

lipoprotein

hydrophobic molecule transport

saturated fat

no double bonds, full of hydrogen

unsaturated fat

at least one double bond

sterol

steroid with alcohol

transmembrane protein

protein that completely crosses membrane

peripheral membrane protein

protein that temporarily bind to membrane

glycoprotein

protein with attached oligosaccharide, used for cell identification

diffusion

passive transport through membrane

concentration gradient

difference in concentration on either side of the membrane

passive transport

requires no energy, happens along concentration gradient

active transport

requires energy and pump, happens against concentration gradient

facilitated diffusion

require no energy, diffusion of large molecules through a channel protein

carrier protein

used for active transport

osmosis

movement of water across a membrane, happens along the concentration gradient

aquaporin

structure in brain cells to facilitate/speed up osmosis

isotonic

concentration is equivalent on both sides of the membrane

ATP

adenosinetriphosphate, energy carrying molecule

pump

active transport, pumps hydrogen to create ATP

endocytosis

use vesicle to bring molecules into the cell

exocytosis

use vesicle to remove molecules from the cell

vesicle

membrane bound sac

pinocytosis

vesicular transport of liquid

phagocytosis

vesicular transport of a large molecule

receptor

protein which signal can bind to

LDL

low density lipoprotein, "Bad" cholesterol

prokaryote

no nucleus, single cell

plasma membrane

phospholipid bilayer

cytosol

intracellular space

ribosome

protein synthesis organelle

circular chromosome

prokaryote DNA

nucleiod region

region containing prokaryote DNA

DNA

DeoxyriboNucleicAcid

cell wall

surrounds cell outside plasma membrane

peptidoglycan

main component of prokaryote cell wall

flagella

tail on prokaryotes

decomposer

prokaryotes that decompose organic material

symbiosis

organisms living together in harmony

microbiome

colony of prokaryotes living symbiotically with larger organisms

antibiotic

medicine that degrades prokaryote peptidoglycan cell walls

Halophile

type of archaea that lives in very salty environments

thermophile

type of archaea that lives in very hot environments

Methanogen

type of archaea that lives in an environment without oxygen, produce methane

Nucleus

organelle that holds DNA

Nuclear envelope

Membrane surrounding the nucleus

nuclear pore

opening in the nuclear envelope

nuclear lamina

network of lamin proteins that give the nucleus shape

chromosome

packed form of DNA

endoplasmic reticulum

folding of proteins and transport of proteins to Golgi

lumen

intracellular space in the thylakoid of a chloroplast

Chaperone

assists in protein folding

glycosylation

attachment of oligosaccharide to protein to create a glycoprotein

Golgi apparatus

modifying sorting and packaging proteins

lysosome

remove waste from the cell, contain digestive enzymes

hydrolytic enzyme

facilitate hydrolysis

secretory protein

any protein secreted by a cell

cytoskeleton

network of microtubules

mitochondria

uses cell respiration to make ATP

chloroplast

uses photosynthesis to make glucose

serial endosymbiosis

mitochondria and chloroplasts used to be free living prokaryotes

binary fission

process of cell division in prokaryotes

extracellular matrix

supports cells and segregates tissues

nucleotide

nitrogenous base, ATGC

RNA

ribonuleic acid

hydrogen bond

interaction between OH, SH, and NH functional groups

double helix

structure of DNA

antiparallel

directionality of DNA

5'

phosphate end of DNA