Ap European History, Chapter 11 + 12 Study Guide

How were the consequences of the “little ice age” experienced in Europe?

the unusual # of storms ruined crops, resulting in a bad harvest, scarcity of goods, high prices (inflation), and poor nutrition/malnourishment. Led to the Great Famine (1315-1322)

What changes around 1300 permitted a significant expansion in the movement of goods?

improvements in ship design permitted year round sailing.

What conditions enhanced the plague?

European population was already weak and malnourished from the Great Famine. Medicine and hygiene was very limited at the time, so you could contact the disease from a flea bite or from being coughed/sneezed on without any treatment for it. The disease spread rapidly, especially in densely populated areas.

Who benefited from the Black Death?

women benefited from the Black death because of a lowered workforce, they now had new employment opportunities

During the Hundred Years’ War, why were some English Kings supported by French Barons?

they wanted to stop the French monarchy’s centralizing forces

What was the goal of the English Statute of Laborers (1351)?

the goal was to freeze wages and bound workers to land

How did the cannon affect the power of monarchies?

the cannon enhanced military power

During the Great Schism, how did the powers of Europe align themselves?

the powers of Europe aligned themselves on political alliance

How does Dante's Divine Comedy demonstrate the tensions of the fourteenth century?

It is a deeply Christian poem but also harshly criticizes some church

What was the direct cause of the Hundred Years’ War?

a direct cause of the HYW was the rights to the Duchy of Aquitaine and succession to the thone

What was the immediate cause of the English Peasant Rebellion of 1381?

immediate causes to the English peasant rebellion include the difficult living conditions they endured and tax increases/the poll tax

The merchants of Florence established dominance over what aspect of the papacy's activities?

The merchants of Florence established dominance over the papal banking system

Why did a unified Italian state fail to develop in the fifteenth century?

Italian identities were centered in their own city states, and often competed against each other for power

• formed alliances with one another

• created embassies for espionage (spying)

Why was Italy so often subjugated by outside invaders?

division with one another left them vulnerable to foreign attacks

What did Italian Humanists stress?

The study of the classics for what they could reveal about human nature

What are the factors in the emergence of the Italian Renaissance?

the region's wealth, political independence, classical heritage, and the influence of the Church

What inhibited women's success as painters in the Renaissance?

women were not allowed to study male nude, not allowed to work in public where fresco was taught, not allowed to join male groups, and they were not allowed to attended art academies

How is the term “race” identified in the Renaissance?

Groups of people that were ethnically, nationally, or religiously alike

In terms of gender relations, what did Renaissance humanists argue?

That the woman's life should be private and domestic

In what ways did Charles VII of France expand his authority?

He revived the French monarchy, created a royal council, strengthened finances, and united France.

How did the Tudor kings, with the exception of Henry VIII, weaken aristocratic influence?

Appointed regular people to a royal council, and didn't enter major wars so as not to have to call upon the nobles for troops

According to the Dutch humanist Erasmus, what was the key to reform?

Education

What did the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile do?

United Spain into 1 kingdom

According to the text, why was Thomas More's Utopia was remarkable for its time?

the problems plaguing society could be solved by a beneficent government

How did the Concordat of Bologna resolve the dispute between the French crown and the papacy over lay investiture?

The papacy received the right to the first year's income of new bishops and abbots, and the French king retained the right to select French bishops and abbots

What helped Henry VII of England win broad, popular support?

Promoting peace through diplomacy, and establishing financial stability for England

How did anti-Semitism in Spain contribute to the development of modern theories of race?

It developed the new idea of being defined by your blood and not just the color of your skin, or nationality

What were the most important components of the intellectual movement that underlay the Renaissance?

A glorification of individuality and greatness

Why is 1453 important?

the Hundred Years War ends, Constantinople falls to the Turkish becoming Instanbul, and Gutenberg makes the printing press