Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh

origin of gluteus maximus

ischial spine

insertion of gluteus maximus

medial surface of greater trochanter of femur (trochanteric fossa)

action of gluteus maximus

laterally rotates extended hip, horizontally abducts flexed hip

innervation/spinal levels of gluteus maximus

obturator internus L5-S1

origin of inferior gemellus

ischial tuberosity

insertion of inferior gemellus

medial surface of greater trochanter of femur (trochanteric fossa)

action of inferior gemellus

laterally rotates extended hip, horizontally abducts flexed hip

innervation/spinal levels of inferior gemellus

quadratus femoris L5-S1

origin of quadratus femoris

lateral border of the ischial tuberosity

insertion of quadratus femoris

intertrochanteric crest of femur

action of quadratus femoris

laterally rotates extended hip

innervation/spinal levels of quadratus femoris

quadratus femoris L5-S1

origin of semitendinosus

ischial tuberosity

insertion of semitendinosus

superior part of medial surface of tibia (pes anserine)

action of semitendinosus

extends hip, flexes knee, medially rotates knee when flexed

innervation/spinal levels of semitendinosus

tibial division of sciatic L5-S2

origin of semimembranosus

ischial tuberosity

insertion of semimembranosus

posterior part of medial tibial condyle

action of semimembranosus

extends hip, flexes knee, medially rotates knee when flexed

innervation/spinal levels of semimembranosus

tibial division sciatic L5-S2

origin of biceps femoris-long head

ischial tuberosity

insertion of biceps femoris-long head

lateral side of head of fibula

action of biceps femoris-long head

extends hip, flexes knee, laterally rotates knee when flexed

innervation/spinal levels biceps femoris-long head

tibial division of sciatic L5-S2

origin of biceps femoris-short head

linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of femur

insertion of biceps femoris-short head

lateral side of head of fibula (merged tendon with long head)

action of biceps femoris-short head

flexes knee, laterally rotates knee when flexed

innervation/spinal levels of biceps femoris-short head

common peroneal division of sciatic L5-S2

origin of gastrocnemius

Lateral head: lateral aspect of lateral femoral condyle, medial head: popliteal surface of femur and superior aspect of medial femoral condyle

insertion of gastrocnemius

Posterior surface of calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon

action of gastrocnemius

Plantarflexes ankle when knee is extended, flexes knee

innervation/spinal levels of gastrocnemius

tibial S1-S2

origin of soleus

Posterior aspect of head of fibula, soleal line of tibia, medial border of tibia

insertion of soleus

Posterior surface of calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon

action of soleus

Plantarflexes ankle

innervation/spinal level of soleus

Tibial S1-S2

origin of plantaris

Inferior end of lateral supracondylar line of femur, oblique popliteal ligament

insertion of plantaris

Posterior surface of calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon

action of plantaris

Weakly plantarflexes ankle

innervation/spinal level of plantaris

Tibial S1-S2

origin of popliteus

Lateral surface of lateral femoral condyle and lateral meniscus

insertion of popliteus

Posterior surface of tibia, superior to soleal line

action of popliteus

Weakly flexes knee and unlocks it

innervation/spinal level of popliteus

Tibial L4-S1

origin of flexor hallucis longus

Inferior 2/3 of posterior surface of fibula, inferior part of interosseous membrane

insertion of flexor hallucis longus

Base of distal phalanx of great toe (hallux)

action of flexor hallucis longus

Flexes great toe at all joints, weakly plantarflexes ankle

innervation/spinal levels of flexor hallucis longus

Tibial S2-S3

origin of flexor digitorum longus

Medial part of posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line

insertion of flexor digitorum longus

Bases of distal phalanges to the lateral 4 digits (digits 2-5)

action of flexor digitorum longus

Flexes lateral 4 toes, plantar flexes ankle

innervation/spinal levels of flexor digitorum longus

Tibial S2-S3

origin of tibialis posterior

Interosseous membrane, posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line, and posterior surface of fibula

insertion of tibialis posterior

Navicular tuberosity, cuneiforms, cuboid, bases of metatarsals 2-4

action of tibialis posterior

Plantarflexes and inverts ankle

innervation/spinal levels of tibialis posterior

Tibial L4-L5