imperialism and ww1

What is imperialism?

Domination over subject lands in the larger world.

What are the two types of control in imperialism?

Formal control and informal control.

What motivated the 'New Imperialism'?

Belief in expansion, nationalism, need for raw materials, military strategy, domestic concerns, missionary justification, and Social Darwinism.

What is the 'White Man's Burden'?

A concept suggesting that Western nations had a duty to civilize non-Western peoples, as expressed in Rudyard Kipling's poem.

What technological advancements facilitated imperialism?

Quinine pills, steamships, new canals, railroads, machine guns, and faster communication.

What was the role of the East India Company in India?

It managed British commercial interests and used Indian troops (sepoys) for protection.

What was the Sepoy Rebellion?

A revolt in 1857 against British rule in India, leading to tighter control by the English crown.

What were the Tanzimat reforms?

Attempts by the Ottoman Empire to modernize and reform along European lines, initiated by Sultan Mahmud II.

What was the outcome of the Opium War?

China lost to Britain, resulting in 'unequal treaties' that favored foreign powers.

What was the Self-Strengthening Movement in China?

A reform effort from 1860-1895 aimed at modernizing heavy industry and military, but faced strong foreign influence.

What triggered the Boxer Rebellion?

Support from Empress Dowager Cixi for a violent movement to expel foreign influence from China.

What was the significance of the Meiji Restoration?

A period of rapid industrialization and modernization in Japan, adopting Western governmental structures.

What was the Monroe Doctrine?

A U.S. policy established in 1823 warning European nations against interfering in the Americas.

What was the Berlin Conference?

A meeting in 1884-1885 where European powers divided Africa among themselves, leading to the 'Scramble for Africa.'

What were the two forms of colonial rule in Africa?

Direct rule, where European personnel manage colonies, and indirect rule, where local authorities maintain some power.

What was the South African War?

Also known as the Boer War (1899-1902), it was a conflict between British forces and Afrikaners over control of resources.

What was the significance of the Sino-Japanese War?

Japan's victory in 1894-1895 forced China to recognize Korea's independence and cede Taiwan.

What were the Hundred Days Reforms?

An effort led by Emperor Guangxu in 1898 to modernize China, which was ultimately nullified by Empress Dowager Cixi.

What was the impact of the Transatlantic slave trade by the late 1860s?

The trade had practically disappeared, leading to increased European colonization of Africa.

What was the role of Cecil Rhodes in Southern Africa?

He was a key figure in British imperial expansion and played a significant role in the South African War.

What does the concept of self-determination refer to in the context of World War I?

The right of peoples with the same ethnic origins, language, and political ideals to form a sovereign state.

Which countries formed the Triple Alliance before World War I?

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.

What was Germany's war plan called during World War I?

The Schlieffen Plan.

What event sparked the beginning of World War I?

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip on June 28, 1914.

What was the response of Austria-Hungary after the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand?

Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914.

Which countries were part of the Allies during World War I?

France, Russia, Great Britain, Japan, and later the United States.

What was the significance of the Ottoman Empire in World War I?

The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, aligning with Austria and Germany in October 1914.

What does 'war of attrition' mean?

A strategy aimed at wearing down the enemy through sustained attacks and pressure.

What was trench warfare?

A type of combat where soldiers fought from deep trenches, leading to a stalemate on the Western Front.

What technological advancements were used during World War I?

Barbed wire, machine guns, mustard gas, tanks, airplanes, and submarines.

What was the Armenian Massacre?

A genocide that occurred during World War I, targeting the Armenian population in the Ottoman Empire.

What was the impact of World War I on women at home?

became a significant part of the labor force as men went to war, taking on roles in factories and other sectors.

What led to Russia's exit from World War I?

The abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the Bolshevik Revolution, culminating in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918.

When did the United States officially enter World War I?

In April 1917.

What were the consequences of World War I in terms of human loss?

10-15 million soldiers died, 3-5 million civilians died, and over 20 million were wounded.

What was Woodrow Wilson's role in the post-war peace process?

He proposed the 14 Points as a basis for peace negotiations.

What were the main terms of the Treaty of Versailles?

Heavy punishments for Germany, including the war-guilt clause, loss of territory, military restrictions, and reparations.

What was the mandate system established after World War I?

A system to govern former colonies and territories of the defeated powers, particularly in the Middle East.

What was the influenza pandemic of 1918?

A global health crisis that resulted in the deaths of approximately 20 million people.

What was the public perception of the war's duration at its onset?

Many believed the war would be short and decisive.

What was the role of propaganda during World War I?

To influence public opinion, recruit soldiers, and promote national unity.

Social Darwinism

the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same laws of natural selection as plants and animals

Herbert Spencer

social darwanism advocate

Quinine Pills

relieve symptoms of malaria

Suez Canal and Panama Canal

resulted from US imperialsim

Sepoy Rebellion

India; updest about British (low rank soldiers+ beef&pork fat); only led to strengthened Ctrl of Brits

Sultan Mahmud II

known for his extensive modernizing reforms, including the abolition of the Janissary corps. Often called the "Peter the Great of Turkey," his reign saw the groundwork for the Tanzimat reforms

Young Turk Party

group of secular liberal intellectuals and revolutionaries, united by their opposition to the absolutist regime of Abdul Hamid and desire to reinstate the constitution. Ottoman Empire

Hong Xiuquan

a Chinese revolutionary and religious leader who led the Taiping Rebellion against the Qing dynasty.

Leopold II

king of the Belgians from 1865 to 1909, and the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State from 1885 to 1908

Berlin Conference

1884-1885 meeting of European powers that formalized the rules for the colonization and division of Africa

Cecil Rhodes

An unabashed exponent of British imperialism, he was a business tycoon who used the wealth he amassed from South Africa's diamond and goldfields to extend British influence into Central Africa,

South African War or “Boer War”

fought from 1899 to 1902 between the British Empire and the Boer republics of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. Caused by tensions over British expansion and the republics' independence, the war ended with a British victory and the union of the former republics under British rule, a result that included the widespread use of concentration camps and devastating humanitarian consequences. 

Monroe Doctrine

U.S. foreign policy, articulated in 1823, that warned European powers not to interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere or attempt to colonize any new nations there. It established the principle of two separate spheres of influence