Unit 5 Vocab Quiz #2

bid-rent theory

the distance decay relationship between proximity to the urban market and the value of land, meaning the closer the land is to an urban center, the more valuable it is.

capital intensive

an economic production process that requires significant investment in machinery and equipment relative to labor.

labor intensive

an economic production process that requires a large amount of labor relative to machinery and equipment.

factory farming

a capital intensive livestock operation in which many animals are kept in close quarters and bred and fed in a controlled environment

Aquaculture

a type of intensive farming. Rather than raising typical farm animals in closed spaces, it involves the cultivation of aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish, and plants in controlled environments.

double cropping

planting or harvesting a crop two or three times per year on the same piece of land

intercropping(multicropping)

the practice of growing two or more crops in proximity for various benefits such as pest control, increased biodiversity, and improved soil health.

monoculture

only one crop is grown or one type of animal is raised per season on a piece of land. This practice can lead to increased efficiency but may also result in decreased biodiversity and soil depletion.

monocropping

only growing one type of crops or raising one type of animal year after year.

feedlots

confined spaces in which cattle and hogs have limited movement, also known as concentrated animal feeding operations(CAFOs)

agribusiness

farms run as corporations

transnational corporatations

corporations that operate in many countries

vertical integration

the ownership of other businesses involved in the steps of producing a particular good

economies of scale

the cost advantages that enterprises obtain due to their scale of operation, with cost per unit of output generally decreasing with increasing scale as fixed costs are spread out over more units of output.

commodity chain

the process used by corporations to gather resources, transform them into goods, and then transport them to consumers

carrying capacity

the maximum population size of a species that an environment can sustain indefinitely without degrading the environment.

cool chains

transportation systems that maintain specific temperature ranges to preserve perishable goods during shipping and storage.

location theory

why people choose certain locations for various types of economic activity

von Thunen model

an economic model that suggested a pattern for the types of products that farmers would produce at different positions relative to the market

isotropic plain

flat and featureless with similar fertility and climate throughout

horticulture

a type of agriculture that includes the market gardening/truck farming and dairy farming activities focused on the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.

bid-rent curve

used to determine the starting position for each land use relative to the market

free market economy

where supply and demand, not government policy, determine the outcome of competition for land

comparative advantage

naturally occurring beneficial conditions that would prompt farmers to plant crops differently from those predicted by the von Thunen model

supply chains

all the steps required to get a product or service to customers

luxury crops

crops not essential to human survival but have a high profit margin

Neocolonialism

the use of economic, political, and social pressures to control former colonies

fair trade movement

an effort to promote higher incomes for producers and more sustainable farming practices

subsidies

public financial support

infrastructure

the roads, bridges, tunnels, ports, electrical grids, sewers, telecommunications, etc. of a country

land cover change

the study of how land I used and the impact of changing land use

desertification

caused by the removal of forests or overgrazing of livestock, alteration of vegetation in arid areas causes land to become infertile

salinization

when salts from water used by plants remains in the soil

terrace farming

farmers build a series of steps into the side of the hill

irrigation

the process of applying controlled amounts of water to crops using dams, canals, pipes, sprinkler systems, or other manufactured devices rather than relying just on rainfall

center-pivot irrigation

watering equipment rotates around a pivot and delivers specific amounts of water, fertilizer, or pesticides to the field

wetlands

low-lying areas that contain a significant amount of water at or near the surface

deforestation

the removal of large tracts of forest

slash-and-burn agriculture

an early agricultural practices and type of shifting cultivation, takes place when all vegetation in an area of forest is cut down and burned in place

gnetically modified organisms(GMOs)

plants or animals that scientists have modified by extracting genes of one speciess and inserting them into the DNA of another species

aquaculture

the practice of raising and harvesting fish and other forms of food that live in water

Blue Revolution

aquaculture becoming the fastest growing form of food production on the plane

overgraze

if the density of the animals is greater than even expansive grasslands can support, animals will

organic food

non-GMOs, produced without pesticides or synthetic fertilizers, and use sustainable growing practices

value-added crops

crops consumers are willing to pay more for because of special qualities or because they are difficult to acquire

local-food movement

seeking out food produced nearby

urban farming

the production of farm goods within an urban area

community gardens

used to share agricultural products with family, friends, and perhaps those in need rather than as a business

vertical farms

grow crops inside in stackable trays, using greenhouses, artificial lights, and hydroponics

hydroponics

allow crops to grow without using soil using mineral-enriched solutions

community-supported agriculture(CSA)

a strategy used within the local-food movement that brings producers and consumers together, consumers buy a share, or subscribe to a certain quantity of crops for a season.

food insecurity

when households lack access to adequate food because oflimited money or other resources

food desert

a neighborhood where residents have little to no access to healthy and affordable food

food distribution system

a network of trade and transportation that get food from farms to consumers

food processing

the transformation of agricultural products into food or taking food items and transforming them into a different type of food

tariff

tax on imports

quota

limit on the quantity of a good imported

value-added farming

when farmers process their crops into high-value products

gender inequality

the unequal opportunities, treatment, or irhgts o a person based on gender

gender-specific obstacles

discriminatory practices that prevent femalee farmers from reaching their potential productivity

crop gap

the gap between female and male-run farms