ICS 32 Lecture Notes Vocabulary

Flashcards from ICS 32 lecture notes, focusing on key vocabulary and concepts for exam review.

Spaghetti Code

Code that is disorganized, overly interconnected, messy, and difficult to modify.

Refactor

Reorganizing code to improve its cohesiveness and reduce coupling.

Don't Repeat Yourself (DRY)

A design principle that emphasizes avoiding repetition in code.

Separation of Concerns

Separating different concerns/ responsibilities in code into distinct sections. Separate logic from error testing

Single Responsibility Principle

A unit should have only one reason to change.

Open Closed Principle

A design should be closed for modification but open for extension.

Liskov’s Substitution Principle

A parent class should be able to be substituted with its child class for correct generalization.

Interface Segregation Principle

Classes should not be forced to depend on methods they do not use.

Dependency Inversion Principle

Abstractions should not depend upon details; details should depend upon abstractions.

Procedural Programming (PP)

Breaking down a large problem into smaller procedures/functions. Data is passed between functions as vars.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Functions are utilities of data, with software defined by the relationships between objects/classes.

Functional Programming (FP)

Treating functions like data, enabling functions to be passed to or returned by other functions.

Heap

Dynamic memory, allocated at run time.

Stack

Stores functions and local variables; follows a last-in, last-out structure.

Inheritance

A relationship where a subclass inherits attributes and methods from a parent class, signifying an 'is a' relationship.

Generalization

Parent classes are more general, child classes are more specific.

Overriding

Creating a method in a subclass with the same name as a method in its superclass, but with different functionality.

Recursion

A function that calls itself.

Higher-Order Function

A function that receives a function as a parameter, and/or returns a function back.

Stack

first in, last out data stucture (FILO), LIFO, uses two main methods that manipulate the data: push & pop

Queue

first in, first out (FIFO) data structure

Exceptions

Events that occur during program execution that disrupt the normal flow.

Black box testing

Tests the external functionality of code through input and output, without knowledge of internal implementation.

White box testing

Tests the internal functionality of code, requiring access to the internal workings of the program.

CSV (Comma Separated Values)

A pure text file that stores records, one per line separated by commas.

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)

A lightweight data-interchange format used for structured data.

Module

Any python code with functions/classes that ends in .py

Scope

The area of code where a name is visible.

Namespace

Maps names to objects to track all the objects in a program.

Class Attributes

Owned by the class itself

Instance Attributes

Owned by an object of the class, placed in the init constructor

Constructor

A special type of function that creates objects of a class

Graphical User Interface

GUI; the most widely used human-computer interactions

Domain Name Server (DNS)

translates the domain to IP address

Universal Resource Identifier (URI)

A string of characters used to identify a resource

Name-Address Resolution

The mapping of an IP address to a Domain name

Methods

Belong to the class and defined within the scope of the class. Can only be called when used with an object from the same class

Abstract Methods

A method in a class that has no implementations, left for child classes to override and use

Abstract Classes

A class with one or more abstract methods. Used when the concepts are abstract