vitamins and minerals quiz

thiamine active form

pyrophosphate

thiamine physiological function

breaks carbon - carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds

thiamine therapeutic uses

thiamine deficiencies

thiamine deficiency causes what?

beriberi

wernicke-korsakoff

riboflavin active form

FMN (via kinase)

FAD (via synthetase)

riboflavin physiological function

redox reactions (1 or 2 electron transfer)

riboflavin therapeutic uses

riboflavin deficiency

corneal ectasia

keratoconus

riboflavin deficiency causes?

ariboflavinosis

niacin active form

NAD+

NADP+

niacin physiological function

redox reactions (hydride acceptor)

niacin therapeutic uses

niacin deficiency

lipid and triglyceride lowering

niacin deficiency

pellagra

pantothenic acid active form

CoA

ACP

pantothenic acid physiological function

acyl carrier

degradation of fatty acids

involved in biochemical reactions in mitochondria (with B1 and B3)

pantothenic acid therapeutic use

pantothenic acid deficiency

pyridoxine active form

phosphorylate products

pyridoxine physiological functions

amino acid carrier

may be involved in transamination and decarboxylation reactions

pyridoxine therapeutic use

pyridoxine deficiency

morning sickness

pyridoxine deficiency causes

neuropathy

sideroblastic anemia

pellagra due to lower tryptophan and B3 production

biotin active form

biotin bound to BCCP via a lysine

biotin physiological function

carboxylation in a number of biochemical reactions

biotin therapeutic use

biotin deficiency

folate active form

tetrahydrofolate

folate physiological function

1 carbon carrier added to THF in a reaction involving PLP (B6)

important for DNA synthesis

folate therapeutic use

folate deficiency

leucovorin is used with methotrexate as rescue therapy

leucovorin is used with 5-FU to improve efficacy

folate deficiency causes

megaloblastic anemia

neural tube defects

cobalamin active form

cobalamin

cobalamin physiological function

transfer of functional groups

methionine biosynthesis (with B9)

cobalamin therapeutic use

cobalamin deficiency

pernicious anemia

cobalamin deficiency causes

megaloblastic anemia

nerve damage

cobalamin deficiency can be caused by

pernicious anemia

ascorbic acid active form

ascorbic acid

ascorbic acid physiological function

cofactor in redox reactions (recycle metals)

leads to hydroxylation

ascorbic acid therapeutic use

ascorbic acid deficiency

enhance absorption of non-heme iron

ascorbic acid deficiency causes

scurvy

retinoid active form

all retinoids

retinoid physiological function

cell differentiation, bone growth reproduction, inflammation

produces rhodopsin for vision

retinoid therapeutic use

acne
kaposi’s syndrome

psoriasis

9-cis-retinoic acid indication

kaposi’s syndrome

retinoic acid indication

acne

acitretin indication

psoriasis

trifarotene indication

acne

vitamin a deficiency can cause

nigh blindness

dry and scaly skin
overgrowth of teeth and bone in infants

vitamin a toxicity can cause

NV

headaches

blurred vision

bulging of fontanelle

cholecalciferol active form

calcitriol

cholecalciferol physiological functions

bone growth and formation

increases calcium and phosphate levels

cholecalciferol therapeutic uses

vitamin d deficiency

cholecaciferol deficiency can cause

rickets

cholecalciferol toxicity can cause

raised calcium levels

anorexia

weight loss

heart arrhythmia

tocopherol active form

tocopherol

tocopherol physiological function

antioxidant

inhibitor of protein kinase C

changes inn immune inflammatory mediator expression

tocopherol therapeutic use

vitamin E deficiency

hemolytic and megaloblastic anemia

tocopherol deficiency can cause

peripheral neuroapthy

retina damage

muscle weakness

phylloquinone active form

phyloooquinone

phylloquinone physiological function

acitvation of clotting factors

aids in binding calcium

phylloquinone therapeutic use

vitamin K deficiency

given to newborns

warfarin overdose

reduce postop bruising

vitamin k deficiency can cause

excessive bleeding

calcium physiological function

vascular function

muscle function

structural integrity of bones

calcium deficiency can cause

osteoporosis

hypocalcemia (nerve, muscle, heart function)

calcium toxicity can cause

hypercalcemia

hyperparathryoidism

affect absorption of zinc and iron

iron physiological function

redox reaction

oxygen carrier

iron deficiency can cause

anemia

iron toxicity can cause

NV

constipation

system failure, convulsions, coma, and death

potassium physiological fuction

neurotransmission

contraction

vascular tone

signaling

potassium deficiency can cause

muscle weakness

heart arrhythmia

potassium toxicity can cause

lethal heart arrhythmias

sodium physiological functions

maintain extracellular volume and osmalarity

determinant of action potentials

sodium toxicity can cause

hypertension

kidney disease

cardiovascular disease

thiamine sources

brown or enriched white rice

fortified cereals-grains

thiamine supplements

multivitamins: 1.2 mg

single: 500 mg

thiamine absorption

active absorption via thiamine transporters and passive diffusion

thiamine distribution

transporters for entry into tissues and CNS

thiamine excretion

renally

riboflavin sources

dairy products

meat

vegetables

eggs

fortified cereals-grains

biosynthesized in microflora

riboflavin supplements

multivitamin: 1.5-2mg

single: 100 mg