VARIABLES

qualitative variables

What type of variable will be differentiated from quantitative variables in the session?

quantitative variables

What type of variable will be differentiated from qualitative variables in the session?

relationship of independent, dependent, and confounding variables

What is a relationship between variables that will be described?

conceptual definitions

What type of definition will practical tips be given on writing?

operational definitions

What is another type of definition that practical tips will be given on writing?

Biostatistics

What is the name of the branch of applied statistics discussed?

medical and biologic problems

According to the source, statistical methods in biostatistics are applied to what types of problems?

make decisions when analyzing biomedical data

What is a purpose of applying statistical methods in biostatistics?

objectively converted into knowledge

Biostatistics is described as the process by which medical and other biologic observations are what?

Constant

What is a phenomenon whose value remains the same from person to person, time to time, or place to place?

Variable

What is a phenomenon whose values or categories cannot be predicted with certainty?

biologic al or phys ic al s c ienc e

Constants usually come from what fields?

number of minutes in an hour

Give an example of a constant from the source

number of hours in a day

Give another example of a constant from the source

speed of light

Give a third example of a constant from the source

pull of gravity

Give a fourth example of a constant from the source

AOG

Give an example of a variable from the source

KAP

Give another example of a variable from the source

weight

Give a third example of a variable from the source

educational attainment

Give a fourth example of a variable from the source

income

Give a fifth example of a variable from the source

Nominal Variable

What type of variable is classified according to the scale of measurement and is qualitative?

qualitative data

Nominal variables are a type of what kind of data?

categorical data

Nominal variables are also referred to as what kind of data?

No unit of measurement

What characteristic do nominal variables have regarding units?

ABO Blood type

Give an example of a nominal variable from the source

Gender

Give another example of a nominal variable from the source

Ordinal Variable

What type of variable is classified according to rank or order?

qualitative or quantitative

Ordinal variables can be what types of data?

Apgar score

Give an example of an ordinal variable from the source

Glasgow coma scale

Give another example of an ordinal variable from the source

pain severity

Give a third example of an ordinal variable from the source

SES

Give a fourth example of an ordinal variable from the source

Discrete Variable

What type of quantitative variable consists of countable numbers with individually distinct values?

Quantitative data

Discrete variables are what kind of data?

Countable numbers

What kind of numbers characterize discrete variables?

individually distinct values

Discrete variable values are described as having what characteristic over a range?

integral numbers

Discrete variables are always what kind of numbers?

finite number of values

Only what kind of number of values is possible for discrete variables?

cannot be further subdivided meaningfully

Values of discrete variables cannot be what?

number of children in a family

Give an example of a discrete variable from the source

number of patients admitted to a hospital on a single day

Give another example of a discrete variable from the source

number of deaths recorded in a particular area

Give a third example of a discrete variable from the source

number dengue cases in a during a year

Give a fourth example of a discrete variable from the source

number of flu vaccines given in a company in a year

Give a fifth example of a discrete variable from the source

Continuous Variable

What type of quantitative variable can take any value over a particular range?

Quantitative data

Continuous variables are what kind of data?

Any value over a particular range

Continuous variables can take what kind of value?

integers or their fractions

Values of continuous variable units may be what?

measurement

Data for continuous variables can be gathered through what?

Real numbers

Continuous variables are what kind of numbers?

Patient’s Weight in kg

Give an example of a continuous variable from the source

height in cm

Give another example of a continuous variable from the source

Independent & Dependent Variables

What pair of variables is discussed alongside confounders?

Confounder

What term refers to a variable that distorts the estimated exposure effect?

Confounding

What is a distortion in the estimated exposure effect resulting from differences in risk not due to the exposure?

review previous studies

What is the best way mentioned to know if a variable is a possible confounder?

screen for a confounder

What process involves determining if a variable meets certain criteria related to exposure and disease?

It must be a risk factor for the disease

What is the first criterion mentioned for screening for a confounder?

It need not be a cause of the disease

While a confounder must be a risk factor for the disease, what does it not necessarily have to be?

It must be associated with the exposure variable in the source population

What is the second criterion mentioned for screening for a confounder?

It must not be affected by the disease

What is the third criterion mentioned for screening for a confounder regarding the disease?

It may affect exposure or disease

While not affected by the disease, a confounder may affect what?

not an intermediate variable

A confounder is not what type of variable in the causal path?

step in the causal path between the exposure and the disease

A confounder is not an intermediate variable or what?

Types of Data

What is the top-level category that branches into Categorical and Metric Data?

Categorical Data

What type of data is chosen when the answer to “Is it a number or does it have a unit?” is no?

Metric Data

What type of data is chosen when the answer to “Is it a number or does it have a unit?” is yes?

Nominal Data

What type of categorical data cannot be placed in a meaningful order?

Ordinal Data

What type of categorical data can be placed in a meaningful order?

Discrete Data

What type of metric data is counted rather than measured?

Continuous Data

What type of metric data is measured rather than counted?

No

What is the answer to “Is it a number or does it have a unit?” for Categorical Data?

Yes

What is the answer to “Is it a number or does it have a unit?” for Metric Data?

Can it be placed in a meaningful order?

What question determines if categorical data is Nominal or Ordinal?

Can it be counted or measured?

What question determines if metric data is Discrete or Continuous?

No

What is the answer to “Can it be placed in a meaningful order?” for Nominal Data?

Yes

What is the answer to “Can it be placed in a meaningful order?” for Ordinal Data?

Counted

If metric data is discrete, how is it quantified—counted or measured?

Measured

If metric data is continuous, how is it quantified—counted or measured?

Analytic studies

What type of studies focus on the relationship between variables?

Independent variable

Which variable is considered the cause, factor, exposure, intervention, or treatment?

Dependent variable

Which variable is considered the outcome, effect, or response in a study?

Outcome

What does a factor influence in the context of variables?

Effect

What does exposure typically lead to in an analytic study?

Effect

What does a cause result in when examining variable relationships?

Response

What does an intervention lead to in an analytic study?

Outcome

What does a treatment influence in terms of variables?

Epoetin

What is the example of the independent variable shown in the image?

Hemoglobin Response Rate

What is the example of the dependent variable shown in the image?