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Geography

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69 Terms

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Globalization

The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of countries through the flow of goods, services, capital, information, and people.

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Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model that describes population change over time as a country transitions from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.

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Push and Pull Factors

Factors that either induce people to leave their old residence (push factors) or attract them to a new residence (pull factors).

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Malthusian Theory

A theory that population growth will always tend to outrun the food supply

<p>A theory that population growth will always tend to outrun the food supply</p>
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Von Thunen Model

A model of agricultural land use, which illustrates how market processes could determine how land in different locations would be used.

<p>A model of agricultural land use, which illustrates how market processes could determine how land in different locations would be used.</p>
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Dot Map

A map that uses dots to represent the occurrence of some phenomenon in order to depict variation in density

<p>A map that uses dots to represent the occurrence of some phenomenon in order to depict variation in density</p>
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Isoline Map

A map that uses lines to connect points of equal value.

<p>A map that uses lines to connect points of equal value.</p>
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Choropleth Map

A thematic map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the statistical variable being displayed on the map.

<p>A thematic map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the statistical variable being displayed on the map.</p>
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Symbol Map

A map that uses various symbols to represent different features, such as cities, roads, or points of interest.

<p>A map that uses various symbols to represent different features, such as cities, roads, or points of interest.</p>
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Mercator Map

A map projection that preserves direction and shape, but distorts area and distance.

<p>A map projection that preserves direction and shape, but distorts area and distance.</p>
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Thematic Map

A map designed to show a particular theme connected with a specific geographic area.

<p>A map designed to show a particular theme connected with a specific geographic area.</p>
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Territoriality

The attempt by an individual or group to affect, influence, or control people, phenomena, and relationships, by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area.

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State

A politically organized territory with a permanent population, a defined territory, and a government.

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Nation

A group of people with a shared culture, history, and often language, who feel a sense of unity.

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Sovereignty

The ability of a state to govern its territory free from external control.

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Gerrymandering

Redrawing legislative boundaries to benefit the party in power.

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Balkanization

The process of a state breaking down due to conflicts or government ineffectiveness.

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Shatterbelt

An area of instability located between regions with opposing political and cultural values.

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Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

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Decolonization

The process of colonies becoming independent.

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Centrifugal Forces

Forces that divide a state, such as differing religion or languages.

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Centripetal Forces

Forces that unite a state, such as a common language or religion.

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Federal State

An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government.

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Unitary State

An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials.

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Supranationalism

A venture involving three or more states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives

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Cultural Hearth

The origin or center of a cultural trend.

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Ethnic Enclave

A geographic area with high ethnic concentration, characteristic cultural identity, and economic activity.

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Neocolonialism

The use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies.

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Environmental Geography

The study of the relationships between people and their environment.

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Human-Environment Interaction

The relationship between people and their natural environment, including how humans depend on, adapt to, and modify the environment.

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Place

A specific point on Earth with human and physical characteristics that distinguish it from other points.

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Region

An area of Earth distinguished by a distinctive combination of cultural and physical features.

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Scale

The relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole, specifically concerning the level of detail.

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Space

The physical gap or interval between two objects.

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Geographic Information System (GIS)

A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.

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Remote Sensing

The acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or from other long-distance methods.

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Global Positioning System (GPS)

A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.

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Site

Physical characteristics of a place.

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Environmental Determinism

the belief that physical geographic factors, such as climate and terrain, have a significant and direct impact on human activities and outcomes.

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Possibilism

the theory that while the environment provides constraints and opportunities, human culture and agency are the primary factors shaping human behavior and development

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Periphery Country

a nation with low levels of industrial productivity and a low standard of living, often reliant on core countries for capital and raw materials. (For example: Afghanistan, Albania, Bolivia, and many African nations.)

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Semi-Periphery Countries

countries that have a standard of living lower than those in the “core,” but much higher than those in the “periphery.” Periphery countries often face challenges like political instability, corruption, and social inequality, which hinder their development. (For example: China, India, Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia, and Russia.)

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Core Country

A core country is a highly developed nation with advanced technological infrastructure and strong economic performance, often dominating global trade and investment. For example: United States, Canada, Western European nations (like Germany, France, and the UK), Japan, and Australia.

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Dependency Theory

Dependency theory suggests that periphery countries are economically dependent on core countries, leading to a cycle of poverty and underdevelopment due to exploitative relationships

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Rank Size Rule

the population of a city in a country or region is inversely proportional to its rank in the city size hierarchy. Essentially, if cities are ranked by size, the second-largest city will have approximately half the population of the largest city, the third-largest will have about one-third the population of the largest, and so on

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Population Pyramid

visual representation of age and sex distribution.

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Cultural Landscape

human imprint on the physical environment.

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Nation-State

  • A state whose political boundaries align with a single nation (almost everyone belongs to the same culture or ethnicity).

  • Example: Japan or Iceland—both are culturally and politically unified.

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Multinational State

  • A state that includes more than one nation within its borders.

  • Example: Canada (includes English-speaking and French-speaking nations).

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Stateless Nation

  • A nation without a sovereign state of its own, often spread across multiple countries.

  • Example: The Kurds (spread across Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Syria), Palestinians.

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Multistate Nation

  • A nation that is spread across multiple states.

  • Example: Koreans in North and South Korea—same ethnic group in two different states.

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Whats the difference between centripetal forces and centrifugal?

Centripetal Forces unify a state, Centrifugal divides a state.

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Supranational Organizations

entities where three or more countries come together to work on shared goals, often giving up some sovereignty to cooperate politically, economically, or militarily.

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European Union (EU)

  • Type: Economic and political union

  • Main Roles:

    • Free trade and movement (goods, services, people)

    • Common currency (Euro)

    • Regional development and cooperation

    • Shared laws in certain policy areas (e.g. agriculture, environment)

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United Nations (UN)

  • Type: Global diplomatic and peacekeeping organization

  • Main Roles:

    • Prevent conflict, promote peace (UN peacekeepers)

    • Address global issues (climate change, hunger, education)

    • Protect human rights

    • Support development (UNDP, WHO)

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

  • Type: Military alliance

  • Main Roles:

    • Collective defense (attack on one = attack on all)

    • Promote military cooperation among members

    • Respond to global security threats (e.g. terrorism, cyber attacks)

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Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

  • Type: Regional political and economic organization

  • Main Roles:

    • Promote economic growth and regional stability in Southeast Asia

    • Reduce tariffs and encourage trade

    • Foster diplomatic relations

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African Union (AU)

  • Type: Political and economic organization for African states

  • Main Roles:

    • Promote unity and solidarity among African countries

    • Defend sovereignty and independence

    • Support sustainable development

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United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA)

(formerly NAFTA)

  • Type: Economic/trade agreement

  • Main Roles:

    • Promote free trade across North America

    • Encourage investment and reduce tariffs

    • Boost economic cooperation

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Devolution

  1. power shifting from central to regional governments.

Benefit: Increased local control

  • Allows regions to govern themselves in ways that better reflect their culture, language, or needs.

Cons: Risk of fragmentation or separatism

  • Can lead to calls for full independence, weakening the unity of the state

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Neolithic Revolution (1st Agricultural Revolution)

  • Key Feature: Transition from hunting and gathering to settled farming.

  • Technologies Used:

    • Domestication of plants and animals (e.g., wheat, rice, goats, and cows).

    • Simple tools: hoes, digging sticks, and stone tools to clear land and plant crops.

    • Irrigation systems (early methods to water crops).

  • Impact: Enabled people to settle in one place and form civilizations.

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Industrial Revolution (2nd Agricultural Revolution)

  • Key Feature: Mechanization and improved farming techniques.

  • Technologies Used:

    • Crop rotation (e.g., the four-field system) to maintain soil fertility.

    • Selective breeding of livestock to improve quality and productivity.

    • New tools: seed drills, mechanized plows, and threshers.

    • Increased use of fertilizers and pesticides to boost yields.

    • Improved transportation: Railroads and canals to move goods.

  • Impact: Boosted food production, supported urbanization, and began the shift toward commercial farming.

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Green Revolution (3rd Agricultural Revolution)

  • Key Feature: Technological advances in food production to address global hunger.

  • Technologies Used:

    • High-yield variety seeds (e.g., “miracle” wheat and rice) to increase crop production.

    • Chemical fertilizers and pesticides to enhance crop growth and reduce losses from pests.

    • Mechanized farming equipment: Tractors, combine harvesters, and irrigation systems.

    • Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) for increased pest resistance and drought tolerance.

    • Advanced irrigation systems: Drip irrigation and sprinkler systems.

  • Impact: Dramatically increased food production worldwide, particularly in developing countries, but also led to environmental issues (e.g., soil depletion, water overuse).

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Urbanization

Movement from rural areas to cities due to economic opportunities and better living conditions.

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Urban Models

  • Urban Models: Theories explaining city growth, like Concentric Zone Model (city grows in rings) and Multiple Nuclei Model (cities have multiple centers).

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Edge Cities/Suburbs

  • Development of commercial areas and residential suburbs outside traditional city centers

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Sustainable Cities

  • Focus on eco-friendly infrastructure, public transportation, and reducing urban sprawl.

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Heartland Theory

suggests that whoever controls the central Eurasian region (the "Heartland") would control the "World Island" (Europe, Asia, and Africa), and ultimately, the world

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Ecotourism

as a form of tourism that focuses on nature-based experiences while promoting conservation and benefiting local communities