anatomy test 1

anatomy

the study of structure or organs and the relations of their parts (WHAT is WHERE?)

physiology

science dealing with the function of living organs

(HOW does it WORK?)

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right sides

coronal plane

divides body into anterior and posterior portions

horizontal plane

divides the body into upper and lower portions (aka traverse or axial plane)

mid sagittal plane

what kind of plane is being seen?

coronal

what kind of plane is being seen?

transverse/transaxial

what kind of plane is being seen?

ipsilateral

“of the same side”

contralateral

“of the opposite side”

unilateral

“of only one side”

bilateral

“of two sides”

anterior

“in front of”

posterior

“in the back of”

ventral

tummy side of body

dorsal

toward the back of the body

coronal

anterior/posterior sections resulted from a cut on the _______ plane

superior

“above”

inferior

“below, under”

axial

superior/inferior sections resulted from a cut on the ______ plane

rostral

toward the head or superior end of the body

caudal

toward the tail or inferior end of the body

medial

any part which is nearer to the center of the body

lateral

away from the midline of the body

sagittal

medial or lateral sections are resulted from a cut on the _____ plane

proximal

closer to a structure

distal

farther from a structure

respiration > phonation > articulation > resonance > nervous

what are the 5 systems for speech production?

afferent

moving towards CNS

efferent

moving away from CNS

respiration

breathing for speech production (lungs, diaphragm, rib cage, trachea)

phonation

production of sound through vibration of vocal cords (larynx)

articulation

formation of speech sounds using articulators (tongue, lips, palate, etc)

resonance

modification of speech sounds through resonating cavities (nasal and oral cavities)

nervous

control and coordination of speech processes by the nervous system (brain)

knowledge

what does language have to do with?

a neuromuscular event, production of voice and phonemes for verbal communication based upon neuromuscular processes

what is speech?

describes speech production as a two stage process involving the generation of a sound source at the larynx level and filtering (or shaping) of the source sound using the articulatory and resonance properties of the vocal tract.

describe the source filter theory

buzzing sound at the larynx level

what structure corresponds to the source? (in the source filter theory)

your entire vocal tract (oral cavity, nasal cavity)

what structure functions as the filter?

2%

the brain takes up only ___ % of the body weight

3 lbs

what is the average weight of the brain of adults?

15% of the cardiac output

how much blood does the brain receive from the heart?

750-1000 ml

how much blood reaches the brain every minute?

20%

the brain consumes ___ % of the available oxygen in the body

20-25%

the brain consumes ___ % of the total body glucose

the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, diencephalon (thalamus & hypothalamus)

what are the 4 main parts of the brain?

language, speech, cognition, sensory/motor processing

what higher brain functions is the cerebrum responsible for?

movement and balance

what does the cerebellum coordinate?

basic life functions (breathing and heart rate)

what does the brainstem control?

 The blood contains red blood cells, which carry oxygen, and glucose, which is a form of blood sugar. Glucose combines with oxygen to produce the very important excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in the brain. All high cognitive functions in the brain, such as language, memory, and judgment, are carried out using this glutamate. Therefore, if oxygen is blocked, brain function itself becomes impossible and neuron will be killed within 2-3 minutes of oxygen deprivation.

why do we need constant blood supply to the brain?

the basic building blocks of the brain

neurons are…

delivers action potential to the other side

role of axons:

receive information from other neurons

role of dendrites:

insulating layer that allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along nerve cells

role of myelin sheath:

brain and spinal cord

what does the CNS consist of?

Responsible for processing and integrating sensory information, initiating motor responses, and higher cognitive functions.

what is the CNS responsible for?

higher cognitive functions

_____ are carried out by the CNS

outside the CNS

where are the nerves of the PNS?

somatic & autonomic

PNS is divided into _____ and _____ nervous systems

voluntary

the somatic nervous system controls _____ movements

involuntary

the autonomic nervous system regulates _____ movements

12

how many cranial nerves?

numerically and functionally

how are cranial nerves named?

sensory and motor functions of head and neck

what are cranial nerves responsible for?

5,7,9, 10, 12

what are the important cranial nerves for SLPs to know?

trigeminal nerve; provides motor supply to muscles of chewing and communicates sensation from the face, mouth, teeth, and tongue

cranial nerve 5 (V)

facial nerve; supplies muscles of facial expression and sensory component serves taste 2/3 of tongue

cranial nerve 7 (VII)

glossalpharengeal-posterior tongue taste receptors as well as somatic sense from the tongue, faces, pharynx, and eustachian tube

cranial nerve 9 (IX)

vagus nerve; important for autonomic function as well as motor innervation

cranial nerve 10 (X)

hypoglossal nerve; responsible for attention to the left side of space- spatial awareness, navigation, and recognizing spatial relationships

cranial nerve 12 (XII)

cranial nerves

what type of nerves are assessed for deficits in neurological exams by SLPs?

broca’s aphasia & apraxia of speech

what does damage to broca’s area result in?

nonfluent aphasia

what is broca’s aphasia also known as?

apraxia of speech

result of impairment to reception of articulators (damage to broca’s area)

located in frontal lobe- inferior area, touching central gyrus/Rolandic Fissure

where is broca’s area located?

also known as precentral gyrus

what is the motor strip also known as?

anterior to central sulcus

where is the motor strip located?

initiation of VOLUNTARY movement, motor output

what is the motor strip responsible for?

responsible for the highest function of attention and executive functioning (planning, attention, monitoring, organizing)

what is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex responsible for?

precentral gyrus

which part of the brain primarily involved in voluntary motor function?

BA 9,46

what is the BA of the dorsolateral PFC?

occipital lobe

what is the region responsible for retrieving visual simulation as well as some of the higher level visual processing?

anterior margin

what is the parieto-occipital sulcus separating from the cerebellum?

temporal lobe

what is site for Auditory reception and Wernicke’s area?

Sylvian fissure (aka lateral sulcus)

what fissure separates the parietal and frontal lobes from each other?

fluent aphasia

what does damage in wernicke’s area result in?

profound disturbances in spoken language decoding

symptoms of fluent aphasia are?

BA 22; posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus

where is wernicke’s area?

heschl’s gyrus

location for auditory processing (acoustic analysis), including sound recognition and interpretation?

BA 41/42

where is heschl’s gyrus located?

right hemisphere

what hemisphere of the brain plays a crucial role in spatial processing?

left side of space

what side of the space is the right hemisphere responsible for?l

spatial perception and awareness

what deficits come from damage to the right hemisphere?

left

Left visual neglect is a condition in which individuals fail to attend to stimuli on the _____ side of space

left visual neglect

what occurs following damage to the right parietal lobe?

located in the inferior frontal gyrus in the left hemisphere

where is broca’s area located?

left hemisphere language areas

what larger broader language network is broca’s area a part of?

BA 44/45

what BA is broca’s area in?

associated with speech motor programming

what is broca’s area associated with?