Prejudice and Discrimination

What is Discrimination?

Behaving differently toward people based on their membership in a social group.

What is blatant discrimination?

Unequal and harmful treatment that is typically intentional and quite visible.

What is subtle discrimination?

Unequal and harmful treatment that is typically less visible and often internalized as normal.

What are microaggressions?

Small-scale, everyday behaviors that demean other social groups or members of those groups.

What is covert discrimination?

Unequal and harmful treatment that is hidden and often maliciously motivated.

What is controlling talk in the language of prejudice?

Talk that functions to keep low-status individuals 'in their place'.

What is the stereotype content model?

A model that holds that stereotypes can be characterized along the dimensions of warmth and competence.

What are the two dimensions of behavior in the stereotype content model?

Degree to which a behavior is helpful or harmful, and whether the behavior is active or passive.

What is passive facilitation?

Not hindering a group from getting ahead.

What is active harm?

Behaviors that intentionally harm a group, such as physical attacks or bullying.

What is passive harm?

Not doing things that would be helpful to a group.

Define interpersonal discrimination.

One person treating another differently because of the person's group membership.

What is the theory of planned behavior?

A theory that explains that intergroup attitudes do not directly lead to discrimination.

How does prejudice affect discrimination according to the theory of planned behavior?

Prejudice affects discrimination indirectly by influencing attitudes towards behavior.

What are social norms?

The rules that groups develop to describe acceptable behavior for good members.

What is the difference between internal and external motivation to control prejudiced responses?

Internal motivation stems from personal beliefs, while external motivation stems from social pressure.

How can exposure to outgroup members affect internal motivation?

It can implicitly remind people of their commitment to egalitarianism.

What is restraint motivation?

The perception that saying or doing certain things would cause trouble.

What can lead to losing control over prejudiced responses?

Reduced attention and resources can lead to expressions of prejudice.

What are disinhibitors in the context of prejudice control?

Factors that reduce motivation to control expressions of prejudice.

What are moral credentials?

Acting in a non-prejudiced way establishes behavior that reinforces a person’s self-image as unprejudiced.

How do people respond when they act in a prejudiced manner?

They experience discomfort and guilt, which leads to reaffirming their non-prejudiced self-image.

What is workplace discrimination?

Employer’s policies, practices, or behavior resulting in different outcomes for different groups.

What is the lost opportunities effect in workplace discrimination?

Refers to effects on minority workers due to perceptions of a positive diversity climate.

What is the shifting standards model?

Evaluation of individuals relative to stereotypic expectations of their group.

What is selective attention to information regarding discrimination?

Focusing on information consistent with existing attitudes when evaluating job applicants.

What are justifications for discrimination?

Using business-related factors to rationalize discriminatory behavior in the workplace.

What are microaggressions defined as?

Incivilities that demean individuals through disrespectful actions.

What is social stigma?

Privileged status defined by a group's power and influence, often taken for granted.

What defines a stigmatized group?

A group characterized by devalued traits as determined by the dominant group.

What are the five dimensions of stigma?

Course, concealability, aesthetic qualities, origin, and danger.

What is the “glass escalator effect”?

Men in female-dominated professions may find themselves on the fast track to promotion.

What is the minority stress model?

The model describing chronic stress that stigmatized group members endure due to prejudice.

What are external stressors in the minority stress model?

Objective events a stigmatized member may identify as acts of discrimination.

What are internal stressors in the minority stress model?

Internalized prejudice experienced by members of stigmatized groups.

How can trauma be a reaction to perceived discrimination?

Knowledge of a discriminatory attack can provoke a trauma response in individuals.

What is stereotype threat?

The awareness of being stereotyped negatively which can undermine performance.

What are the key features of stereotype threat?

General process applicable to everyone; influenced by situational pressures.

What strategies exist for reducing stereotype threat?

Belief-based, identity-based, and resilience-based strategies.

What is stereotype lift?

Performance boost experienced by members of non-stereotyped groups due to positive information.

What is the personal/group discrimination discrepancy (PGDD)?

The belief that one's group as a whole is more likely to face discrimination than the individual.

What might motivate some individuals to deny personal experiences of discrimination?

Desire to maintain a sense of belonging or minimize the perceived severity of their treatment.

What are the social costs of confronting discrimination?

Reactions from dominant groups may label victims as 'whiners' or exploitative.

What are the benefits of confronting discrimination?

Increased feelings of closure, self-esteem, and empowerment.

What is psychological disengagement?

Defensive detachment of self-esteem from outcomes in domains where discrimination occurs.

What is behavioral compensation?

Changing behavior to disconfirm stereotypes when expecting discrimination.

Discrimination refers to __________ behavior toward people based on their membership in a social group.

behaving differently toward people based on their membership in a social group.

Blatant discrimination is __________ and harmful treatment that is typically intentional and quite visible.

unequal

Subtle discrimination is __________ and harmful treatment that is typically less visible and obvious.

unequal

Hostile humor calls attention to __________ group stereotypes.

negative

Controlling talk functions to keep low-status individuals __________.

‘in their place’

Microaggressions are small-scale, everyday behaviors that __________ other social groups.

demean

Covert discrimination is __________, purposeful, and often maliciously motivated.

hidden

Interpersonal discrimination refers to one person treating another __________ because of group membership.

differently

Theory of Planned Behavior states that intergroup attitudes do not directly lead to __________.

discrimination

According to the Theory of Planned Behavior, __________ toward a particular behavior is more important than the level of prejudice.

attitude

The stereotype content model organizes behavior along two dimensions: warmth and __________.

competence

High warmth and high competence elicits __________ and respect.

admiration

Active harm is characterized by behaviors that __________ harm a group, such as bullying.

intentionally

Passive harm refers to not doing things that would be __________ to a group.

helpful

The Stereotype Content Model includes four categories of behavior: active facilitation, passive facilitation, active harm, and __________ harm.

passive

Racial discrimination can occur in hiring, job performance evaluations, and __________.

promotion

In employment audits, White applicants are more likely to get a __________.

job interview

Being White is equivalent to about __________ additional years of experience in job interviews.

eight

Shifting standards model evaluates individuals relative to stereotypic expectations of their __________.

group

In selective attention to information, high prejudice people focus on a Black applicant’s __________ qualifications.

weak

Justifications for discrimination often use business-related factors such as maintaining workplace __________.

harmony

Microaggressions include ignoring people’s work-related ideas and making __________ remarks.

disrespectful

Social stigma is defined by a group’s __________ and influence.

power

Dominant group members often see their membership as __________ and normal.

natural

Characteristics of devalued members by dominant groups set them apart and may lead to __________.

stigma

Concealability describes whether a stigma can be __________ or controlled.

hidden

Some stigmas are unstable and can __________ over time.

change

Members of certain stigmatized groups are perceived to be __________.

dangerous

Tokenism occurs when there is a preponderance of one group over another and only a few members from the __________ group.

other

The Glass Escalator Effect refers to men in female-dominated professions finding themselves on the fast track to __________.

promotion

Chronic experience of prejudice can produce __________ stress associated with disease.

chronic

Minority stress model highlights that situational factors unrelated to one's minority group membership are sources of __________ stress.

general

Internalized prejudice results in group members concluding that negative stereotypes apply to __________.

them

Witnessing violence against a member of one’s group can produce a __________ response.

trauma

Stereotype threat creates a disruptive state that undermines __________.

performance

Reducing stereotype threat includes changing one's beliefs about the __________ stereotype.

negative

Strategies to alleviate stereotype threat include providing role models that disconfirm __________.

stereotypes

The Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy (PGDD) describes people believing their group is more likely to be discriminated than __________.

themselves

Motivational explanations for PGDD include reasons for believing one is not personally __________ against.

discriminated

Social costs of claiming discrimination may include being viewed as _______ or taking advantage of the situation.

whining

Confronting discrimination requires recognizing the behavior as __________.

prejudiced

Willingness to confront discrimination is often low, as seen in studies where __________% of women were non-confrontational when facing sexism.

75

When coping with discrimination, psychological disengagement means defensive detachment of self-esteem from __________ in a particular domain.

outcomes

Coping strategies can include behavioral compensation to change behavior to disconfirm the __________.

stereotype

Confronting stigma can involve reframing negative stereotypes to __________ ones.

positive

Individuals who identify strongly with their group are more likely to report __________.

discrimination

The experience of belonging to stigmatized groups can lead to significant __________ costs.

social

Discrimination

Behaving differently toward people based on their membership in a social group.

Blatant discrimination

Unequal and harmful treatment that is typically intentional and quite visible.

Subtle discrimination

Unequal and harmful treatment that is typically less visible and often internalized as normal.

Microaggressions

Small-scale, everyday behaviours that demean other social groups or their members.

Covert discrimination

Unequal and harmful treatment that is hidden and often maliciously motivated.

Interpersonal discrimination

One person treating another differently because of the person's group membership.

Theory of Planned Behaviour

Explains that intergroup attitudes do not directly lead to discrimination; attitudes toward behaviour are more important.