Chapters 6–8: Bone Tissue, Axial & Appendicular Skeleton

A set of 41 vocabulary flashcards covering bone tissue, axial and appendicular skeleton structures, development, growth, and key anatomical terms.

Functions of Bone

Provide support, protect organs, enable movement, store minerals, and form blood cells.

Cranium

Portion of the axial skeleton that encloses and protects the brain.

Red Bone Marrow

Soft tissue in certain bones where hematopoiesis (blood cell formation) occurs.

Yellow Bone Marrow

Marrow type that stores fat within the medullary cavities of long bones.

Axial Skeleton

Composed of the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.

Appendicular Skeleton

Includes limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, hands, and feet.

Sexual Dimorphism of Pelvis

Female pelvis is light and wide with >90° arch; male pelvis is thick and narrow with <90° arch.

Osteogenic Cells

Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts for bone formation.

Osteoblasts

Bone-building cells that secrete bone matrix.

Spongy Bone

Trabecular bone containing osteocytes and red marrow, providing lightweight strength.

Osteon

Cylindrical structural unit of compact bone containing central canal and concentric lamellae.

Organic Components of Bone

Cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts) and osteoid (collagen-rich matrix).

Inorganic Component of Bone

Mineral salts, primarily hydroxyapatite crystals, that give bone hardness.

Short Bones

Cube-shaped bones such as carpals of the wrist.

Parts of a Long Bone

Diaphysis, epiphyses, epiphyseal plate/line, periosteum, and endosteum.

Epiphyseal Plate vs. Line

Plate is cartilage for growth in length; line is its ossified remnant in mature bone.

Intramembranous Ossification

Bone develops directly from mesenchyme; forms flat bones like the skull and clavicle.

Endochondral Ossification

Bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage; process for most skeletal bones.

Longitudinal Bone Growth

Increase in bone length occurring at the epiphyseal plate.

Appositional Growth

Increase in bone thickness or width by addition of bone to the periosteal surface.

Calcium Homeostasis

Hormonal regulation (e.g., PTH, calcitonin) maintains stable blood calcium levels.

Bone Remodeling Factors

Influenced by mechanical stress, hormones, nutrition, and vitamins.

Vitamin D

Sunlight-activated vitamin essential for calcium absorption and bone health.

Fracture Repair Stages

Hematoma formation, callus formation, bone replacement, and remodeling.

Components of the Axial Skeleton

Skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

Mandible

Only movable bone of the skull, forming the lower jaw.

Orbit Bones Exception

Occipital bone does not contribute to the eye orbit.

Vertebral Counts

Cervical 7, thoracic 12, lumbar 5, with sacrum and coccyx fused.

Cervical Vertebrae Feature

Possess transverse foramina for vertebral arteries.

Thoracic Vertebrae

Vertebrae that articulate with ribs via costal facets.

True vs. False Ribs

True ribs (1‒7) attach directly to sternum; false ribs (8‒12), with 11 & 12 floating.

Fontanelles

Soft membranous gaps between cranial bones in newborns that allow skull growth.

Pectoral Girdle

Consists of the clavicle and scapula, attaching the upper limb to the trunk.

Forearm Bones

Radius (lateral) and ulna (medial) extending from elbow to wrist.

Bones of the Hand

Carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.

Bones of the Pelvis

Hip bones (coxal), sacrum, and coccyx.

Hip Bone Regions

Ilium, ischium, and pubis fused at the acetabulum.

Female Pelvis Characteristics

Broader and shallower with larger pelvic inlet and wider subpubic angle than male.

Femur

Longest and strongest bone of the leg and entire body.

Lateral Malleolus

Distal projection of the fibula forming the outer ankle.

Bones of the Foot

Tarsals (7), metatarsals (5), and phalanges.