HISTORY GR 11 & 12

History

The study of the past, including events, people, societies, and cultures.

Oral Traditions

Traditions passed down through generations by word of mouth, such as songs, stories, and poems.

Primary Sources

Original sources of evidence, such as documents, artifacts, or recordings, from the time being studied.

Secondary Sources

Information that is not original but is derived from primary sources or other second-hand accounts.

Paleontology

The study of fossil remains of animals and plant life from past geological periods.

Timescale

An arrangement of events used to measure the duration of a period of history, geologic time, or cosmic time.

Cosmic Calendar

A chart illustrating the timeline of Earth's existence and human history in relation to cosmic time.

Prehistory

The period before written records were kept, often studied through archaeological evidence and oral traditions.

African Resistance

Africans resisted European colonization due to the desire to retain their land and resources.

Ethiopian Resistance

Ethiopia was the only African state to resist Italian invasion.

European Control in Africa

By the eve of World War I, Africa was almost entirely controlled by Europeans.

Apartheid

Nelson Mandela strongly opposed and fought against the system of Apartheid in South Africa.

African Independence

After World War II, many African territories fought for independence from European colonization.

Southeast Asia Countries

There are 11 countries in Southeast Asia.

European Colonialism in Asia

Major colonial powers in Asia in the mid-19th century were Britain and Russia.

Dutch East Indies

The Dutch claimed control of the East Indies from Portugal to monopolize the spice trade.

Chinese Civilization

Chinese civilization is one of the oldest in the world, ruled by dynasties for thousands of years.

Vietnamese Division

Vietnam was split in half in 1954 after fighting for independence from France, leading to a communist North and non-communist South.

European Colonization in Africa and Asia

The scramble for colonies in Africa and Asia in the 1800s and 1900s was mainly for economic benefits and exploitation of resources and labor.

Pacific Colonization

European colonization in the Pacific occurred later in the 1900s, impacting the region's human and natural resources.

Blackbirding

Blackbirding was a system of forced labor recruitment used by foreigners on Pacific islanders for work in Australia.

Administrators in New Guinea

Administrators had a significant impact on the lives of Papua New Guineans, overseeing social and economic changes.

German Administration in New Guinea

German New Guinea Company controlled mainland and island New Guinea, establishing plantations and impacting local labor.

British Rule in Papua

British rule in Papua aimed to protect the people and their land, leading to social and economic developments.

Responses to European Colonization

Indigenous states and people in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific had various responses to European colonization, including resistance and autonomy movements.

Ideas of Race

Race is the division of human species based on physical and behavioral differences, leading to practices like segregation and assimilation.

Nationalism in Papua New Guinea

Early micro-nationalist movements in Papua New Guinea aimed to protect territories and resources from exploitation.

Maori and Aborigines

Maori nationalist movements in New Zealand and the struggles of Australian Aborigines against British settlers' land use and ownership ideas.

Terra Nullius

When the British took possession of Australia, they considered it 'empty land' and denied rights to the Aborigines.

Spiritual significance of landforms

Both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal lands in Australia hold sites and landforms with spiritual importance to Aboriginal people.

Indian Nationalist Movement

Resulted from social, economic, and political changes in 18th century India, leading to the growth of the Indian middle class and awareness of rights.

Mohandas Gandhi

A nationalist leader in India who advocated for human rights, using passive resistance and non-cooperation against British rule.

Swadeshi movement

Encouraged Indians to boycott British products and use locally made goods to promote self-reliance.

Micro nationalist movements

Indigenous responses to colonialism, seen in New Guinea, Maoris, and Australian Aborigines fighting for land rights.

World War I

Started in 1914 with Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia, involving major powers and leading to trench warfare and the US entry in 1917.

Trench Warfare

Dominated WWI in 1916-1917 with soldiers fighting from dug-in positions using heavy artillery, machine guns, and chemical weapons.

Second World War

A more complex conflict from 1938 to 1945, causing massive destruction, displacing millions, and leading to significant global changes.

Cold War

A war of ideologies between the USSR and USA, leading to the division of European countries, nuclear threats, and proxy conflicts in Korea, Vietnam, and Afghanistan.

John F

Focused on confrontation with Russia during his leadership period.

Collapse of Communism

Occurred in the late 1980s, coinciding with the disintegration of the USSR, leaving the USA as the lone superpower.

United Nations (UNO)

Formed after World War II to maintain global peace, intervene in conflicts, and address world injustices, poverty, gender, and children's issues.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Ensures international trade is not affected by restrictions, promoting economic stability globally.

Humanitarian Organizations

Provide free aid to those in need, remaining neutral and inclusive, addressing various aspects of life.

Conflicts and Wars of Resources

Post-WW2 conflicts over power and resources, intensified by involvement of superpowers like the USSR and USA.

Terrorism and Transnational Crimes

Global issues including terrorism, nuclear threats, and transnational crimes, challenging to counter due to complex networks and motives.

Democratic Constitution

System of government where power is by the people, for the people, with structures defined in a constitution.

Political Party System

Groups organized to acquire political power, evolving with electoral and parliamentary systems.

Decentralization

Giving powers to provincial and local governments for control, introduced in Papua New Guinea in the 1960s.

Governance

Decision-making process and implementation, with good governance characterized by transparency, accountability, and responsiveness.

Bougainville Conflict and Resolution

Conflict in Bougainville leading to secessionist sentiments, involvement of the Panguna Landowners Association, and eventual resolution through peace talks and autonomy agreements.

United Nations (UN) Role

The UN played a role in controlling and disposing of weapons while encouraging parties' commitment to peace.

Bougainville Peace Agreement (BPA)

Signed in 2001, it ended a 10-year civil conflict in Papua New Guinea, facilitated by the UN.

International Relations

Refers to relations between countries, including organizations like the UN and WTO, crucial for global interactions.

Aid

Assistance provided by countries or organizations to others, including humanitarian aid for disasters and development aid for sustainable growth.

Outcome-Based Education (OBE)

Focuses on measurable learning outcomes, implemented in PNG in 2003 but faced challenges due to lack of resources and training.

Globalisation

Involves international trade, exchange of ideas, and cultural aspects, impacting economies, environments, and indigenous populations.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Aims to stabilize exchange rates and provide loans to countries in need, supporting global financial stability.

World Bank

Provides loans for development projects in developing countries, focusing on capital programs and long-term development.

Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Group of major oil-exporting nations coordinating petroleum policies and aid since 1960.

Migration

Human movement from one place to another, affecting population, social patterns, economies, and environments.