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What is political culture?
a set of shared values, beliefs, and behaviors that relate to government and politics
Why do elected leaders use elements of political culture to assist them in their efforts?
They can use political culture to influence voters.
What is political socialization?
the way that people acquire beliefs, values, and habits related to government, politics, and society
In what way do parents usually influence their children's political socialization?
through subtle body language and comments they make about society
What role do public play in the process of political socialization
They teach political history and promote patriotism and civic engagement
What role foes religion play in the process of political socialization
It tends to reproduce society's core values.
What is classical liberalism?
the valuing of political arrangements that permit the fullest exercise of individual liberty without unreasonably restricting the liberties of others
By how did the percentage of Texas Democrats identifying as liberal increase between 2010 and 2021?
23 percent
Which political ideology places a particular value on traditional religious beliefs and practices
social conservatism
What political ideology is associated primarily with the Republican Party today?
social conservatism
Which political ideology is concerned primarily with the well
being of ordinary people?
Which political group dominated Texas elections at all levels for nearly a century following Reconstruction?
The Democratic Party
Texas's size and history, as well as its political and cultural variety, have contributed to the development of what might be called a "pragmatic center." Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the pragmatic center in Texas?
It tends to reflect relatively conservative, pro
Which of the following is a characteristic of the political climate in Texas after the civil rights movement?
a comparatively low level of state
Which of the following if TRUE of indigenous groups in early Texas history?
They consisted of a range of subgroups and cultures, which makes it difficult to generalize their contributions to Texas politics.
Direct Spanish influence on Texas culture is overshadowed by which of these related cultural influences?
Mexican Culture
What contributed to the growth of the mestizo population in Texas in the early 1800s
The lack of Spanish women exploring or occupying the area
Which of the following encouraged Anglo American to populate the Texas territory in large numbers?
The Mexican government's empreario policy
Which of these statements is TRUE regarding African Americans in early Texas history?
They were involved in Reconstruction politics and helped shape the current state constitution.
How did Texas's population change in the 2010s?
Texas population boomed, at the third
Which of these groups experienced the slowest population growth rate in the 2010s?
White/Anglo Texans
Which statement is true of Texas's population growth?
The increasing share of the population made up of ethic minority groups is poised alter a political culture historically dominated by Anglos.
How is the public opinion measured?
through scientifically designed surveys known as public opinion polls
Why have Texans adopted a "low taxes, low services" approach to government?
This approach has developed out of Texas's balance among classical liberalism, social conservatism, and populism
In 2021, what percentage of Texas believed marijuana should be illegal under any circumstances?
13 Percent
Which of the following statements is true of public opinion?
When survey researches measure peoples' attitudes, they are really measuring an individual's predispositions and information.
What did studies from the 1950s reveal about public opinion?
Citizens possessed low levels of political knowledge.
What is attitude consistency?
political opinions founded on a set of principles about the function of government
Which of the following factors (among others) might account for the results of many public opinion surveys?
timing and context of the studies
Which of the following would be considered a shortcut in making voting decisions?
identifying with a party
Which of the following is correlated with increasingly consistent ideological thinking?
increased education
Which of the following is TRUE of political socialization?
It starts during childhood and demographic factors all influence our political values
Approximately what percentage of young voters identify with the same political party as their parents?
Over 50 percent
Which of the following groups is more likely to identify with conservatives positions?
senior citizens
Which of the following tend to be the most liberal in regard to social issues such as abortion and some
sex marriage?
Which of the following crucial for proper public opinion studies?
scientific measurement
What was the main problem associated with the polling methods of the Literary Digest?
its respondents were not randomly selected
Who was the first president to use a private polling firm?
Franklin Roosevelt
Which of the following resulted from the 1980 election between Ronald Reagan and Jimmy Carter?
Media outlets agreed to wait to call races until all polls on the West Coast had closed.
What is the most effective way to ensure that a study reflects the opinions of the general population?
use random sampling
A margin of error of +/
5 is an exit poll would indicate which of the following?
Table 2 demonstrates that question wording can have what sort of impact on poll results?
a significant impact
Based on the list above, which of the following questions would be the LEAST helpful to ask when evaluating the trustworthiness of polling information?
Who asked the questions?
Most Americans hold which of the following views on the use of public opinion polls
They think government leaders should pay attention to public opinion.
Who believed that the best form of government is one that only INDIRECTLY influenced by public opinion?
James Madison
Which of the following offers a reason why the government leaders SHOULD pay attention to public opinion?
People lose trust in government when their leaders fail to adequately represent public opinion.
Which of the following offers a reason why government leaders SHOULD NOT pay attention to public opinion?
Polling organizations do not always conduct meaningful surveys.
Public approval ratings of presidents tend to be which of the following?
Cyclical
What accounts for the "honeymoon period" that most presidents enjoy?
a lack of a presidential record in office
What happened to the approval rating of President George W. Bush?
They peaked in late 2001 and then generally declined
What president had the highest approval rating at he midpoint of his first term?
George H.W. Bush
Why was Congress slow to respond to the federal bailout package in 2008?
constituent opposition
The stock market collapse of September 2008 and subsequent events provide an example of which of the following? Choose the BEST answer.
the complicated relationship between members of Congress and the public
Which of the following is an accurate statement about congressional job approval?
Americans' attitudes toward Congress are often informed by partisanship.
When does measurement error occur?
when respondents' answers to the questions deviate from their own attitudes
which of the following is true of the Holocaust question in the 1992 American Jewish Committee poll?
It used a double negative, leading some respondents to reply that the Holocaust may have never happened.
why do double
barreled questions make it difficult to evaluate the public's opinion on an issue?
You are taking a local survey. First you are asked what to be consider to be the most important problem facing your city, and then you are asked weather you approve of your city's mayor. A question
ordering effect presumes that you may do which of the following?
given the challenges presented by measurement error, what does the author of this essay conclude?
Despite their flaws, surveys are still the best method of measuring public opinion.
When thinking about the role of public opinion in the democratic process, what did most of the Kaiser / Public Perspective survey respondents believe?
Lawmakers should follow the public's will even if it runs counter to their own best judgment.
What did the 2001 Kaiser / Public Perspective survey reveal?
that the public does not have a strong understanding of polling practices
What do most Americans believe about polling practices, according to the survey?
hat randomly selected samples lead to inaccurate conclusions
The polls accurately predicated that Hillary Clinton would win which vote?
The popular vote
Which groups of voters was overrepresented in many state polls in 2016?
college
Which of the following was the main source of error in the polling for the 2016 presidential election?
Pollsters relied on demographic turnout rates from previous elections to make predictions.
Philip Converse's 1964 study revealed which of the following about the electorate?
Most voters' attitudes about issues are not consistent.
What is one benefit of a more informed electorate?
a greater agreement between what citizens want and what policymakers do
What is a primary motivation of American media outlets?
profits driven by market forces
The American public tends to judge news outlets according to which of the following criteria?
credibility
What are the two key elements of ethical media behavior?
Minimize harm and be accountable.
What was the first newspaper to be continuously published in the United States?
The Boston Newsletter
The publication of both the Federalist Papers and anti
federalist essays in newspapers reflected which of the following developments?
Yellow Journalism might include which of the following?
Fabricated news stories
What impact did "muckraking" have on the political climate?
It led to widespread discontent with political corruption.
The Society of Professional Journalists formed in response to which of the following?
sensationalism in the media
Calls for journalistic reform in the early 20th century led to which of the following?
the establishment of journalism schools
The addition of independent editors to the newspaper industry allowed for more stories based on which of the following?
quality
What ushered in the era of watchdog journalism?
coverage of the Watergate break
The actions of Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein led to which of the following?
Increased adversarial oversight by the media
How have political candidates reacted to the growing popularity of infotainment?
by making appearances on infotainment programs
Which of the following could be considered an advantage of infotainment?
it attracts audiences who otherwise wouldn't follow politics
What role does the media play in setting the political agenda?
News outlets choose which stories receive public attention.
What happened when newspaper coverage of health care reform declined?
More people viewed it as a top priority for the government.
What is priming?
press coverage of an issue influencing the way people think about related issues
On which issues did the media prime the public in the run
up to the 2004 and 2008 presidential elections?
How might the media "frame" the issue of budget cuts?
by choosing certain words to refer to the budget cuts
If a reporter intended to frame gay marriage in a positive light, how might she do so?
by highlighting the joyous reaction of gay couples following the Supreme Court decision to legalize same
which of the following affects the persuasiveness of the message?
the credibility of the source
Individuals with more political knowledge are considered to be which of the following?
less likely to accept media messages that contradict their ideology
Persuasion works best under which of the following circumstances?
Individuals lack knowledge of the subject.
How do social news aggregators work?
They generate lists based on the popularity of certain news items among all users.
What is the difference between early news aggregators and next
generation aggregators?
According to the craig silverman's analysis, why was fake news a problem in the final few months before the 2016 presidential election?
Fake news stories were more widely consumed than real news stories on Facebook.
What does confirmation bias tell us about consumers of news?
They like to receive information that supports their preexisting beliefs.
What concern does the Associated Press have about news aggregators?
Aggregators undercut the revenue that newspapers and magazines depend on.
what is selective exposure
news consumers choosing media outlets that confirm their preexisting views
What was the purpose of the Fairness Doctrine?
to promote balanced coverage of public issues
When a television viewer changes the channel from Hannity on Fox News, because he does not agree with Sean Hannity's perspective, to The Rachel Maddow Show on MSNBC, because he likes Maddow's criticism of the president, what is he engaging in?
selective exposure
According to former president Barack Obama, what is the problem with the media ecosystem?
No one agrees on the facts.
What is one of the benefits of news aggregators?
They expand the audience of both old and new media outlets.
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