Anatomy and Physiology Nervous System Exam

communication: sends and recieves info as well as integration and decision making

What does the nervous system do?

sensory/ afferent, integration, and motor/efferent

What are the 3 functions of the nervous system?

sensory

What function brings sensory info into the CNS

integration

What function processes info and makes decisions

motor

what function gives outgoing information to effector tissues?

the brain and spinal cord

The central nervous system consists of

nerves and receptors

the peripheral nervous system consists of

special senses and somatic

What are the 2 sections of the sensory/ afferent pathway?

detect pain, tactile info, temperature, proprioception

what does the somatic system do in the afferent pathway

somatic and autonomic

What are the 2 sections of the motor efferent pathway?

outgoing information to skeletal muscle

the somatic efferent pathway gives what?

involuntary

What autonomic nervous system is

sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric

The autonomic nervous system can be divided into what 3 sections

sympathetic

Fight or flight system, increases heart rate and blood pressure

parasympathetic

rest or digest system, decreases heart rate and blood pressure

enteric

system that innervates smooth muscle and glands in the GI

neurons

What is the functional unit of the nervous system?

astrocytes, microglia, ependymal, oligiodendrocytes

What are the 4 glial cells of the CNS

astrocytes

Helps form blood brain barrier and regulates ion concentrations

microglia

phagocytes that get rid of debri and microbes

ependymal cells

simple ciliated cuboidal cells that line ventricles and central canal of the CNS
-circulates and secretes cerebrospinalal fluid

oligodendrocytes

wraps around and insulates the neurons of the CNS

Schwann Cells

responsible for myelination in the PNS

satellite cell

provides structural support and regulates fluid exchange in the PNS

nerve fibers

What are extensions from cell body of neurons

synapse

Where neuron meets another neuron or connective tissue

propogates

the axon _____ electrical signal

the axon hillock

Where is action potentials generated

dendrites

Branches off the cell body of neurons

to recieve signals

What are the functions of dendrites

microtubule track

What is the pathway for protiens to carry down track

physical

Axonal transport transports _____ substances

slow and fast

What are the 2 types of axonal transport

cell body to axon terminal

Slow axonal transport goes in what direction

bidirectional

fast axonal transport is ___-

retrograde

what is the type of transport that goes from axon terminal to the cell body

multipolar, bipolar, and psuedounipolar

What are the 3 structural classifications of neurons

multipolar

Neuron structure that has several dendrties and one axon

bipolar

neuron structure that has one main dendrite and one axon

pseudounipolar

neuron structure that has dendrites and one axon that are fused togehter to form a continuous process that emerges from the cell body

ganglia

clusters of cell bodies in the PNS

nuclei

clusters of cell bodies in the CNS

nerve

bundles of axons in the PNS

tract

bundles of axons in the CNS

white

matter that contains myelinated axons of neurons

gray

matter that has no myelination of axons

dura mater, skull cap, blood brain barrier, cerebrospinal fluid

What are the protective coverings of the CNS

dura mater

What is the most superficial meninge

dense irregular CT

what is the dura mater made of

arachnoid mater

what is the web-like appearance mater made of collagen and elastic fibers

the pia mater

What is the deepest meninge

epithelial and simple squamous

what type of tissue and cells is the pia mater

interstital fluid

What is the subdural space filled with

CSF

what is the subarachnoid space filled with?

shock absorption

What do the fluids in space between meninges help

to regulate what passes from the blood to the brain

What is the function of the blood brain barrier

tight junctions, astrocytes, and thick basement membranes

What three things help secure capillarys in the blood brain barrier

mostly water, with some ions that are highly regulated

What is CSF made of

mechanical protection, chemical protection, and circulation

What are the 3 major functions of CSF

lateral ventricle> 3rd ventricle> cerebral aqueduct> 4th ventricle> either subarachnoid space or central canal of spinal cord> reabsorbed into venous circulation

Describe the flow of CSF

equal

Rate of formation of CSF is ____ to rate of absorption of CSF

Brainstem, diencephalon, cerebellum, and cerebrum

What are the 4 major regions of the brain

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

What are the 3 sections of the brainstem?

midbrain

coordinates movement of the head, neck, and trunk after visual stimuli

pons

relays motor information to cerebellum
-"bridge"

medulla oblongata

cardiovascular and respiratory control center

thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland

What are the 3 sections of the Diencephalon

thalamus

relays almost all sensory information to the brain

hypothalamus

responsible for endocrine functions, thirst hunger, and temperature

pineal gland

makes and secretes melatonin for sleep regualtion

cerebellum

coordinates movement, balance and posture

arbor vitae

the cerebellum contains a tree like structure called

cerebral cortex

what is the outer gray matter of the cerebrum

deep

the cerebrum has ____ nuclei

corpus callosum

bridge between the right and left side of the brain

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula

What are the lobes of the cerebrum

frontal lobe

has motor functions, contains the motor cortex

parietal lobe

contains the somatosensory cortex,
recieves nerve impulses for touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle, temp., pain and proprioception

temporal

audio and olfactory processing lobe

occipital lobe

recieves visual information and is involved in visual perception

insula

recieves impulses for taste and is involved in gustatory perception and taste discrimination

medulla oblongata to 2nd lumbar vertebrae

The spinal cord runs from where to where?

shorter

The spinal cord is ____ than spinal column

conus medullaris

What is the end of the spinal cord called

31

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there

the cord is tissue the column is bony structure

What is the difference between the spinal cord and spinal column

ventral

motor nerves are always on the ____ side

dorsal

sensory nerves are always on the _____ side

brings information up to or down from the brain

White matter in the spinal cord does what?

epinerium

the dura mater fuses with waht around the spinal cord

dorsal root

What is A

dorsal gray horn

What is B

central canal

What is C

sensory neuron

What is d

autonomic motor neuron

what is e

sensory motor neuron

what is f

interneuron

what is g

ventral gray horn

what is h

ventral root

what is i

lateral gray horn

what is j