Volcanoes VI: Monitoring, Prediction and Preparedness

Warning and Duration Types

• volcanic eruptions have a much longer warning phase before their onset, and eruptions can last much longer than other natural hazards

Hazard Maps

1. map volcanic deposits
2. determine deposit type ( lava flow, mud flow (lahar), pyroclastic flow, etc.)
3. determine age of deposits and eruption frequency
4. consider the risk

Monitoring

• examples of things we can monitor:
    * seismology (earthquakes)
    * ground deformation (volcano changes shapes)
    * gas emission
    * thermal imaging
    * lahar flow detection
    * satellite observation

Hazard Mitigation

• since we have much more warning of volcanic eruptions than other hazards, we should prioritize:
    * sensible zoning/regulation
      * safe distance from different hazards
      * ex: distance above, beside river, lahar channels
    * warning systems and procedures

Volcano Alert-Level System

• operated by US Geological Survey
• notifications if a status is changed issued through US Volcano Observatories (five = Alaska, California, Cascades, Hawaii, Yellowstone)

Preparedness: What To Do

• some volcanic hazards are easily avoidable
• lava flow = walk away
    * avoid moving perpendicular to flow direction in case there are other flows
• some are more difficult
    * pyroclastic flows and lahars
      * ideally, there will be a warning of an eruption = get out of valleys to higher ground away from volcano
      * move perpendicular to the flow direction (gets you out of the way fastest)
      * if possible, drive instead of walk
    * lahars = get away from rivers
      * lahars can travel very far and pick up speed in rivers

What To Do - Pyroclastic Fall

• ash is the primary hazard for anyone not in direct vicinity of volcano
    * close all outside doors, windows, and fireplace dampers
    * turn off fans and heating/ AC systems
      * keep the air in your house as clean as possible
    * wear long-sleeved shirts and pants, a well fitting M-95 mask, and goggles
    * don’t drive in heavy ash fall (dangerous and exhaust can stir up ash)
      * if you have to, close windows and turn off heat/ AC

What To Do

• general disaster planning still applies:
    * before:
      * put together an emergency preparedness kit
      * be aware of nearby volcano alert level
    * during:
      * follow evacuation orders
    * after:
      * stay indoors until instructed to leave
      * assess damage

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