Understanding the Self: Psychological Perspectives

Representativeness

Judging category membership based on shared characteristics.

System 1 Thinking

Fast, intuitive, and emotional decision-making process.

System 2 Thinking

Slow, deliberate, and analytical decision-making process.

Cognitive Biases

Systematic errors in thinking affecting beliefs and judgments.

Peak End Rule

Judging experiences based on peak and end feelings.

Anchoring and Adjustment

Decisions based on initial reference points, adjusted insufficiently.

Microexpressions

Brief, involuntary facial expressions revealing true emotions.

Antecedent of Emotion

Events triggering emotional responses in individuals.

Cognitive Appraisal

Thoughts influencing feelings and behaviors.

Physiological Reactions

Biological responses linked to emotional experiences.

Display Rule

Cultural variations in emotional expression.

Experiencing Self

Lives through immediate moments and sensations.

Remembering Self

Reflects on and narrates personal history.

Charles Horton Cooley

Proposed primary groups shape individual character development.

Autonomic Nervous System

Regulates involuntary bodily functions during emotional responses.

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals transmitting signals in the nervous system.

Emotional Antecedents

Universal events eliciting similar emotions across cultures.

Behavioral Expressions

Visible reactions and expressions of emotions.

Thought Processes

Cognitive interpretations affecting emotional experiences.

Feeling Self

Aspect of self focused on emotional experiences.

Looking Glass Self

Self-perception influenced by others' views.

Emotional Expressions

Visible feelings communicated through behavior.

Display Rule

Cultural norms for emotional expression.

Socialization

Process of learning through social interaction.

Self-Concept

Total beliefs about oneself.

Self-Esteem

Value one places on oneself based on interactions.

Significant Others

Key individuals influencing self-perception.

Language

Tool for understanding others' perspectives.

Play

Acting out roles to understand social expectations.

Games

Learning social roles through structured interactions.

Self-Consciousness

Awareness of oneself as an object.

Perceived Judgments

Imagined evaluations from others about oneself.

Mirror Recognition

Infants identify themselves around two years old.

Social Interaction

Engagement with others to develop self-identity.

Cultural Rules

Guidelines dictating appropriate emotional displays.

Behavior Patterns

Societal norms influencing individual actions.

Family Opinions

Close relationships significantly impact self-concept.

Internalizing Perspectives

Adopting others' views as one's own.

Role-Taking

Adopting roles to understand others' expectations.

Attitudes

Learned responses shaped by social interactions.

Development of Self

Emergence of identity through social experiences.

Social Interaction

Builds self-image through experiences with others.

Emergent Self

Self develops from social experiences and perspectives.

Unique Identity

Each person has a distinct and separate self.

No Self at Birth

Self concept does not exist without social interaction.

Independent Self

Self exists without reliance on others.

Situational Behavior

Actions change based on different social contexts.

Personal Meaning

Individuals create their own interpretations of experiences.

Dynamic Relationship

The self is formed by 'I' and 'Me' interactions.

Command Center

Self is the center of thoughts and emotions.

Private Self

Self processes emotions and thoughts internally.

Internalized Perspective

'Me' reflects how others perceive and treat us.

Creative Response

'I' reacts to 'Me' while maintaining individuality.

Wish-Fulfillment

Mental imagery process to achieve satisfaction.

Ego

Mediates between id's desires and superego's constraints.

Freud's Levels of Mental Life

Includes unconscious, preconscious, and conscious states.

Reality Principle

Restraint of id to align with societal norms.

Unconscious Mind

Houses drives influencing behavior beyond awareness.

Superego

Moral conscience developed from social learning.

Preconscious Mind

Contains accessible thoughts not currently in awareness.

Guilt and Anxiety

Emotions guiding socially acceptable behavior.

Mental Functioning

Operates on three levels according to Freud.

Self

Relationship between the 'I' and 'Me'.

Unitary Self

Center of all experiences and thoughts.

Private Self

Individual sorting of emotions and thoughts.

Me

Internalization of others' perspectives on ourselves.

I

Acts creatively in response to the 'Me'.

Satisfaction

Ultimate goal of the self's mental images.

Wish-fulfillment

Process of forming mental images of desires.

Ego

Part of self managing demands of id and superego.

Id

Primitive desires for hunger, sex, and aggression.

Superego

Moral ideals and conscience developed from others.

Unconscious

Drives and instincts beyond awareness motivating behavior.

Preconscious

Images not in awareness but easily accessible.

Conscious

Minor role in Freudian theory; awareness of stimuli.

Levels of Mental Life

Freud's three levels: unconscious, preconscious, conscious.

Reality Principle

Restraint of instinctual energy for societal norms.

Compromise

Rational balance between id and superego demands.

Moral Ideals

Standards of right and wrong learned from society.

Guilt and Anxiety

Guides toward socially acceptable behavior.

Development Age

Superego develops around age 5 or 6.

Freudian Theory

Focuses on unconscious drives influencing behavior.

Pleasure Principle

Freud's theory of seeking pleasure, avoiding pain.

Oral Stage

First psychosexual stage, focuses on oral activities.

Oral Aggressive

Personality type: sarcastic, argumentative, nagging.

Oral Receptive

Personality type: gullible, overeating, smoking.

Ego

Personality force for identity and continuity.

Personal Unconscious

Contains conscious thoughts and personal memories.

Anal Stage

Second psychosexual stage, focuses on bowel control.

Anal-Retentive

Personality type: obsessive cleanliness, stingy.

Anal-Repulsive

Personality type: messy, lack of commitment.

Phallic Stage

Third psychosexual stage, involves Oedipus and Electra complexes.

Oedipus Complex

Boys' sexual feelings for mother, rivalry with father.

Electra Complex

Girls' sexual feelings for father, rivalry with mother.

Collective Unconscious

Jung's concept of shared ancestral memories.

Archetypes

Universal symbols in the collective unconscious.

Persona

Social mask or identity presented to the world.

Shadow

Dark side of the ego, repressed traits.

Anima

Feminine archetype in men, represents inner woman.

Animus

Masculine archetype in women, represents inner man.