history

SECSESSIONITIS (1860–1861)

Wave of Southern states leaving the Union after Abraham Lincoln’s election. Southern leaders feared slavery would be restricted and argued states had the right to leave the Union.

South Carolina — December 20, 1860

First state to secede after Lincoln’s election.

Mississippi — January 9, 1861

Left Union to protect slavery-based economy.

Florida — January 10, 1861

Joined secession movement shortly after Mississippi.

Alabama — January 11, 1861

Hosted meeting creating the Confederate government.

Georgia — January 19, 1861

Major Southern state supporting secession.

Louisiana January 26, 1861

January 26, 1861 Important Mississippi River trade state.

Texas — February 1, 1861

Largest Confederate state geographically.

Virginia — April 17, 1861

— April 17, 1861

Arkansas

may 6th 1861

tennessee

june 8 1861

CRITTENDEN COMPROMISE (Dec 1860)

Proposed protecting slavery south of Missouri Compromise line to prevent war. Rejected by Lincoln and Republicans.

FORT SUMTER (April 12–13, 1861)

Confederate attack on Union fort in Charleston Harbor began the Civil War.

Robert Anderson (Union, 1861)

Union commander at Fort Sumter who surrendered after bombardment. Civil War.

P.G.T. Beauregard (Confederate, 1861–1865)

Confederate general who led attack on Fort Sumter. Civil War.

RICHMOND

Capital of Confederacy beginning May 1861; major industrial center.

North:

• Larger population
• More factories and industry
• Railroad network
• Strong navy and economy

South:

• Skilled military leaders
• Defensive fighting advantage
• Strong motivation to defend homeland

NORTH’S PLAN TO FINANCE THE WAR

Income taxes, sale of war bonds, printing Greenbacks.

CONSCRIPTION (1863)

First national military draft.

DRAFT RIOTS (July 1863)

Violent anti-draft protests in New York City.

LINCOLN’S CONTROVERSIAL ACTIONS

Suspended habeas corpus, arrested suspected rebels, expanded presidential wartime powers.

ELECTION OF 1864

ELECTION OF 1864

EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION (Jan 1, 1863)

Freed enslaved people in Confederate states; changed war goal to ending slavery.

ENLISTMENT OF AFRICAN AMERICAN SOLDIERS

About 180,000 African American soldiers joined Union Army.

WOMEN, NURSING, AND THE WAR

Women worked as nurses, spies, and organizers; gender roles expanded.

Jefferson Davis (Confederate President, 1861–1865)

President of the Confederacy. Civil War.

Alexander Stephens (Confederate Vice President, 1861–1865)

Vice President supporting states’ rights ideology. Civil War.

PROBLEMS FOR THE SOUTH

Inflation, weak banking system, lack of industry, food shortages, transportation problems.

STATES’ RIGHTS IDEOLOGY

Belief states held sovereignty over federal government.

Winfield Scott (Union, 1861)

Union general who created Anaconda Plan. Civil War.

ANACONDA PLAN (1861)

Blockade Southern ports and control Mississippi River to strangle Confederacy economically.

George McClellan (Union, 1861–1862)

Army of the Potomac commander; cautious leader.

Ulysses S. Grant (Union, 1861–1865)

Union general-in-chief; accepted Lee’s surrender.

Henry Halleck (Union, 1861–1865)

Union general and administrator; general-in-chief before Grant.

Irvin McDowell (Union, 1861–1862)

Defeated at First Bull Run.

Albert Sidney Johnston (Confederate, 1861–1862)

Killed at Shiloh.

Joseph E. Johnston (Confederate, 1861–1865)

Opposed Sherman during Atlanta Campaign.

Robert E. Lee (Confederate, 1861–1865)

Commander Army of Northern Virginia.

John Pope (Union, 1861–1863)

Defeated at Second Bull Run.

Ambrose E. Burnside (Union, 1861–1865)

Defeated at Fredericksburg.

Joseph Hooker (Union, 1861–1864)

Defeated at Chancellorsville.

George Meade (Union, 1861–1865)

Won Battle of Gettysburg.

James Longstreet (Confederate, 1861–1865)

Lee’s corps commander.

Stonewall Jackson (Confederate, 1861–1863)

Famous Confederate general killed after Chancellorsville.

A.P. Hill (Confederate, 1861–1865)

Confederate corps commander.

J.E.B. Stuart (Confederate, 1861–1864)

Confederate cavalry leader.

Confederate cavalry leader.

Secured key ground at Gettysburg.

George Pickett (Confederate, 1861–1865)

Led Pickett’s Charge.

Joshua L. Chamberlain (Union, 1862–1865)

Defended Little Round Top.

MERRIMAC VS MONITOR (March 9, 1862)

First ironclad ship battle; revolutionized naval combat.

First Bull Run — July 21, 1861

Confederate victory; war would be long.

New Orleans — April 1862

Union captured major Southern port.

Fort Henry — Feb 6, 1862

Union controlled Tennessee River.

Fort Donelson — Feb 16, 1862

Grant forced Confederate surrender.

Shiloh — April 6–7, 1862

Bloody Union victory.

Peninsula Campaign — March–July 1862

McClellan’s attempt to capture Richmond.

Yorktown — April–May 1862

Union siege operation.

Seven Pines — May 31–June 1, 1862

Lee gained Confederate command.

Seven Days Battles — June 25–July 1, 1862

Union forced to retreat.

Second Bull Run — Aug 28–30, 1862

Confederate victory.

Antietam — Sept 17, 1862

Bloodiest single day.

Fredericksburg — Dec 13, 1862

Union defeat.

Chancellorsville — May 1–4, 1863

Confederate victory; Jackson mortally wounded.

Vicksburg — May 18–July 4, 1863

Union split Confederacy.

Gettysburg — July 1–3, 1863

Turning point of war.

Chattanooga — Nov 1863

Opened path into Deep South.

The Wilderness — May 5–7, 1864

Start of Grant’s nonstop offensive.

Spotsylvania Court House — May 8–21, 1864

Heavy trench fighting.

Cold Harbor — June 1–3, 1864

Major Union losses.

Petersburg — June 1864–April 1865

Long siege cutting supplies.

Atlanta — Sept 2, 1864

Sherman captured key city.

March to the Sea — Nov–Dec 1864

Total war campaign destroying Southern infrastructure.

SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESS (March 4, 1865)

Lincoln urged reconciliation and healing.

March 26, 1865 —

Grant pressures Lee

april 1, 1865

Union victory at Five Forks

apirl 2 1865

Petersburg falls

april 3 1865

Richmond Captured

april 4 1865

lincon visits richmond

april 5-6

lee retreats

april 9

Lee surrenders at appomattox court house

april 10

celebrations begin

april 12

formal surrender ceremony

• More factories and industry

lincoln assassinated

april 15

lincon dies

april 26

final confederate surrender

President of the Confederacy. Civil War.

Alexander Stephens (Confederate Vice President, 1861–1865)

Vice President supporting states’ rights ideology. Civil War.

PROBLEMS FOR THE SOUTH

Inflation, weak banking system, lack of industry, food shortages, transportation problems.