Computer Programming 3

Program

a collection of text that commands a computer to perform algorithms.

Programming Language

collection of rules and syntax use to describe a program. It is employed based on the user's objective and the computers format and usage.

Programming

An act of writing algorithms while utilizing a programming language.

Low-level Language

programming languages writteni n a format that is easy for computers to interpret

High-Level Language

programming languages written in a format that resembles human language and diminishes user awareness of hardware devices

- Machine Language

- Assembly Language

Example of Low-level language

- C++

- Java

- FORTRAN

- COBOL

- Phython

- ABAP

examples of high-level language

C++ Language

a general purpose programming language with a bias towards systems programming that

- C++ is the better c

- C++ supports data abstraction

- C++ supports generic and object oriented programming

- C++ is case sensitive

C++ is?

Pre-processor Directive

#include

Pre-processor Directive

instructs the compiler to locatethe file that contains code forthe library

using namespace std;

allows you to use cout and endl without the prefix std::

int main ()

Entry point for the application when program execution starts.

cout << "Welcome" << endl;

Body of the program

Body of the program

where the content is located or written

return 0;

Used to end a function or method when a value is expected to be sent back to acaller

Source Code/Source Program

A program written in a high-level language, created in the text editor.

Note: the program must be saved in the text file that has theextension .cpp

Pre-processor Directive

statements that begin with the symbol # processed by preprocessor program.

iostream

contains the descriptions of the functions needed to perform input/output (I/O)

cmath

contains the descriptions of some very useful mathematical functions, such aspower, absolute, and sine

iomanip

contains the specifications of many useful functions and manipulators that help you format your output in a specific manner

Compiler

Checks the source program for syntax errors and translates the entiresource programs into the equivalent machine language with anexecutable format.

- A complete set of machine language is executed after translation, resulting in a program that runs faster than a program translated by an interpreter.

Interpreter

executed program while translating one command at a time from source program into machine language. The translation and execution processes repeat for each command,resulting in a program that runs slower than a program translated by a compiler

Object Program

the machine language version of the high-level programming language

Linker

A program that combines the object program with other programs in the library, and is used in the program to create the executable code.

Loader

Loads the executable program into main memory for execution

Execution

Process by which a computer or virtual machine executes the instructions of a computer program

Value

representation of an entity that can bemanipulated by a program and is classified based ondifferent data types

Variable

a one-word name that points to a value.

Data Type

determines the type of data that a variablecan hold.

Primitive Data Type

Data types that are built-in or predefined and can be used directly bythe developer to declare variables.

integer

Data type that deals with integers or numbers without decimal part

int

keyword for integer

Floating point

Single precision data type that deals with decimal numbers

float

keyword for floating point

7

max number of decimal places for floating point

Double Floating Point

Double precision data type that deals with decimal numbers.

double

keyword for double floating point

15

max number of decimals for floating point

Boolean

Data type used to store Boolean or logical values.

bool

keyword for boolean

True or False

example of boolean

Character

Data type used to represent characters (letters, digits,special symbols).

char

keyword for character

Wide character

A character data type but has size greater than the normal 8-bit datatype

wchar_t

keyword for wide character

2

char storage in bytes

1

bool storage in bytes

4

int storage in bytes

2

short storage in bytes

4

long storage in bytes

String

a sequence of zero or more characters and isenclosed in a double quotation marks.

13

what is the length of the string for William Jacob

6

what is the length of the string for mickey

ctrings

one-dimensional arrays of characters terminated bya null character '\0'

strcat

concatenates string s2 onto the end of string s1

strncat

concatenates string s2 onto the end of string s1 up to n characters

strcmp

compares the two strings lexicographically and returns the following values:0 if s1 and s2 are the same;

less than 0 if s1< s2;

greater than 0 if s1>s2.

strcpy

copies string s2 into string s1

strncpy

copies string s2 into string s1 up to n characters

strlen

returns the length of a string

Derived Data Type

Data types that are derived from primitive data types.

Function

Block of code or program-segment that isdefined to perform a specific well-defined task.

Array

Collection of items stored at continuous memory locations.

Pointers

Symbolic representation of addresses that enable programs to simulate call-by-referenceas well as to create and manipulate dynamic data structures.

Reference

Alternative name for an existing variable.

Abstract Data Type

Also known as user-defined data types, these are data types defined bythe developer, himself.

Examples: class, structure, union and enumeration

Operators

symbols that denote calculation, relationship, comparison and operations on operands.

Constant

memory location whose content is not allowed to change during program execution.

Token

smallest individual unit of a program written in any language

Special Symbols

Consists of operators in a form of mathematical symbols, punctuation marks or two characters regarded as a single symbol.

Arithmetic Operators

Operators used to perform mathematical operationslike addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

x + y

Addition

x - y

Subtraction

x * y

Multiplication

x / y

Division

x % y

Modulus

x ++

Increment Increase

x --

Increment Decrease

++ X

Pre increment

-- x

pre decrement

x ++

post increment

x --

post decrement

>

Greater than

<

less than

==

equal than

!=

not equal to

>=

greater than or equal to

<=

lesser than or equal to

Logical operators

Operators used to perform logical AND, OR and NOT operations.

&&

logical and

||

logical or

!

logical not

Assignment Operators

Operators used to assign values to the variables.

x = y + z

assign value of the right side of expression to left side operand

x+=y

x=x+y

add and

x-=y

x=x-y

subtract and

x*=y

x=x*y

multiply and

x/=y

x = x/y

divide and

x%=y

x=x%y

modulus and