A2.2 Cell Structure (FR)

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51 Terms

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70S

the size of prokaryotic ribosomes.

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80S

the size of eukaryotic ribosomes.

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prokaryotic

type of cell found in bacteria and archaea.

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Binary fission

method of prokaryotic cell division.

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Cell wall

non-living extracellular coating found in plant, fungi and prokaryotic cells (as well as many protists)

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Compartmentalization

seen in eukaryotes; consequence of organelles being membrane-bound.

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Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (rER)

site of synthesis of proteins destined for export or for secretion.

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Eukaryote

type of cell with a membrane-bound nucleus.

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Flagellum

a relatively long extension of the cell used in locomotion.

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Golgi body

a eukaryotic organelle that modifies proteins after synthesis in rER.

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Histone

a protein associated with DNA in eukaryotic cells.

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Lysosome

a cellular organelle involved in cellular digestion.

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Naked DNA

DNA not associated with histones or histone-like proteins.

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Nucleoid

a region of the prokaryotic cell where DNA is located.

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Nucleus

double membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotes that contains DNA.

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Organelle

a sub-cellular structure or membrane-bound compartment with a distinct structure and function.

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Pili

extensions of the prokaryotic plasma membrane used for adhesion and reproduction.

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Plasmid

Additional loop of DNA in a prokaryote; can be transferred between cells.

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Prokaryote

category of a cell without a membrane-bound nucleus: archaea and bacteria.

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smooth ER

site of lipid synthesis in eukaryotic cells

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Resolution

the ability to see adjacent objects or structures as distinct from each other.

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free ribosomes

organelle that synthesises proteins for use in the cell.

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electron microscope

a microscope that uses a beam of electrons to produce high resolution images of cell ultrastructure

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Plasma membrane

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer associated with proteins, forming the boundary of cells

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The form of prokaryotic DNA molecules

Circular

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The form of eukaryotic DNA molecules

Linear

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mitochondrion

double membraned organelle responsible for ATP production in aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells

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cilia

short projections found on the surface of some eukaryotic cells and used in movement

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Chloroplast

Site of photosynthesis in eukaryotic plant cells; organelle with double membrane

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vesicle

Small membrane-bound sac that functions in moving products into, out of, and within a cell.

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plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes

structures found in all cells

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Nucleolus

part of nucleus where ribosomes are synthesised in eukaryotes

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Cells

Basic structural unit of all living organisms

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Cell theory

  1. All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells

  2. Cells are the smallest unit of life

  3. All cells come from pre-existing cells

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What can be used to generate prefictions from theories?

Deductive reasoning

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Based on cell theory, what can a newly discovered organism be predicted to have?

Consist of 1 or more cells

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Structures common to all cells

  1. DNA, as their genetic material

  2. Cytoplasm, composed of mainly water

  3. Plasma membrane, composed of lipids

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What is the cytoplasm enclosed by?

A plasma membrane

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2 categories of cells

  • Prokaryotic

  • Eukaryotic

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Examples of prokaryotic cells / organisms

Bacteria, archaea

  • Smaller, simpler than eukaryotic cells, evolved first

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Cell components of prokaryotic cells

  1. Cell wall

  2. Plasma membrane

  3. Cytoplasm

  4. Naked DNA in a loop (no histones)

  5. 70S ribosomes

  1. Pili

  2. Flagella

  3. Nucleoid (region containing free DNA)

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Are prokaryotic cells compartmentalised or non compartmentalised?

Non compartmentalised- no membrane bound organelles

  • No nucleus

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Examples of gram-positive prokaryotic eubacteria

  • Bacillus

  • Staphylococcus

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Gram positive bacteria

When exposed to crystal violet dye, bacterial cell walls take on a violet / blue experience

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What is the cell wall of prokaryotic cells made of?

Peptidoglycan

  • Carbohydrate-protein complex

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10 features of eukaryotic cells

  1. Plasma membrane

  2. Cytoplasm

  3. 80S ribosomes

  4. Nucleus

  5. Double membrane

  6. Mitochondria

  7. Endoplasmic reticulum

  8. Golgi apparatus

  9. Vesicles / vacuoles eg lysosomes

  10. Cytoskeleton of microtubules + microfilaments

Has membrane-bound organelles

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Features of the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

Has chromosomes made of DNA bound to histones

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3 types of eukaryotes

  1. Plants

  2. Animals

  3. Fungus

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Organelles

Non-cellular structures that carry out specific functions

  • Enable compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells

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What does compartmentalisation allow in eukaryotic cells?

  • Diff chemical reactions to be separated- imp if adjacent chemical reactions are incompatible

  • Chemicals for specific reactions can be isolated → increased efficency

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Organelles of eykaryotic cells

  1. ER

  2. Ribosomes

  3. Lysosomes (usually not in plant cells)

  4. Golgi apparatus

  5. Mitochondria

  6. Nucleus

  7. Chloroplasts (only in plant + algal cells)

  8. Centrosomes (in all eukaryotic cells, but centrioles not in plant + fungal cells)

  9. Vacuoles