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70S
the size of prokaryotic ribosomes.
80S
the size of eukaryotic ribosomes.
prokaryotic
type of cell found in bacteria and archaea.
Binary fission
method of prokaryotic cell division.
Cell wall
non-living extracellular coating found in plant, fungi and prokaryotic cells (as well as many protists)
Compartmentalization
seen in eukaryotes; consequence of organelles being membrane-bound.
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (rER)
site of synthesis of proteins destined for export or for secretion.
Eukaryote
type of cell with a membrane-bound nucleus.
Flagellum
a relatively long extension of the cell used in locomotion.
Golgi body
a eukaryotic organelle that modifies proteins after synthesis in rER.
Histone
a protein associated with DNA in eukaryotic cells.
Lysosome
a cellular organelle involved in cellular digestion.
Naked DNA
DNA not associated with histones or histone-like proteins.
Nucleoid
a region of the prokaryotic cell where DNA is located.
Nucleus
double membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotes that contains DNA.
Organelle
a sub-cellular structure or membrane-bound compartment with a distinct structure and function.
Pili
extensions of the prokaryotic plasma membrane used for adhesion and reproduction.
Plasmid
Additional loop of DNA in a prokaryote; can be transferred between cells.
Prokaryote
category of a cell without a membrane-bound nucleus: archaea and bacteria.
smooth ER
site of lipid synthesis in eukaryotic cells
Resolution
the ability to see adjacent objects or structures as distinct from each other.
free ribosomes
organelle that synthesises proteins for use in the cell.
electron microscope
a microscope that uses a beam of electrons to produce high resolution images of cell ultrastructure
Plasma membrane
A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer associated with proteins, forming the boundary of cells
The form of prokaryotic DNA molecules
Circular
The form of eukaryotic DNA molecules
Linear
mitochondrion
double membraned organelle responsible for ATP production in aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells
cilia
short projections found on the surface of some eukaryotic cells and used in movement
Chloroplast
Site of photosynthesis in eukaryotic plant cells; organelle with double membrane
vesicle
Small membrane-bound sac that functions in moving products into, out of, and within a cell.
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes
structures found in all cells
Nucleolus
part of nucleus where ribosomes are synthesised in eukaryotes
Cells
Basic structural unit of all living organisms
Cell theory
All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells
Cells are the smallest unit of life
All cells come from pre-existing cells
What can be used to generate prefictions from theories?
Deductive reasoning
Based on cell theory, what can a newly discovered organism be predicted to have?
Consist of 1 or more cells
Structures common to all cells
DNA, as their genetic material
Cytoplasm, composed of mainly water
Plasma membrane, composed of lipids
What is the cytoplasm enclosed by?
A plasma membrane
2 categories of cells
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Examples of prokaryotic cells / organisms
Bacteria, archaea
Smaller, simpler than eukaryotic cells, evolved first
Cell components of prokaryotic cells
Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Naked DNA in a loop (no histones)
70S ribosomes
Pili
Flagella
Nucleoid (region containing free DNA)
Are prokaryotic cells compartmentalised or non compartmentalised?
Non compartmentalised- no membrane bound organelles
No nucleus
Examples of gram-positive prokaryotic eubacteria
Bacillus
Staphylococcus
Gram positive bacteria
When exposed to crystal violet dye, bacterial cell walls take on a violet / blue experience
What is the cell wall of prokaryotic cells made of?
Peptidoglycan
Carbohydrate-protein complex
10 features of eukaryotic cells
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
80S ribosomes
Nucleus
Double membrane
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Vesicles / vacuoles eg lysosomes
Cytoskeleton of microtubules + microfilaments
Has membrane-bound organelles
Features of the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
Has chromosomes made of DNA bound to histones
3 types of eukaryotes
Plants
Animals
Fungus
Organelles
Non-cellular structures that carry out specific functions
Enable compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells
What does compartmentalisation allow in eukaryotic cells?
Diff chemical reactions to be separated- imp if adjacent chemical reactions are incompatible
Chemicals for specific reactions can be isolated → increased efficency
Organelles of eykaryotic cells
ER
Ribosomes
Lysosomes (usually not in plant cells)
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Chloroplasts (only in plant + algal cells)
Centrosomes (in all eukaryotic cells, but centrioles not in plant + fungal cells)
Vacuoles