FINAL review

Paracopulatory behavior

Behaviors displayed around the time of copulation, preferred to other terms such as proceptive because it does not assume functions for these behaviors

Intersexual selection

Form of sexual selection related to processes between the sexes (usually associated with female choice).

Bisphenol A

Typically referred to as ‘BPA’, this is a synthetic compound in plastics that has estrogenic effects and is a well characterized endocrine disruptor

Frank beach

Key founding figure of the field of behavioral endocrinology and wrote the important first text Hormones and Behavior

plainfin midshippman

A vocalizing teleost fish that is interesting in the context of sexual differentiation because it is well studied and shows not two, but three distinct sexual phenotypes (two types of males)

TSCA

Toxic Substances Control Act, key piece of federal legislation regulating introduction of new or already existing substances in the United States.

Anti-Mullerian Hormone

Important signaling molecule in male sexual differentiation in mammals, promotes regression of Mullerian ducts

FoxL2

– Transcription factor important in female sexual differentiation in mammals and female sex determination and differentiation in other vertebrate species (abbreviation of Forkhead Box Transcription Factor L2).

Conditioned Place Preference

A preference developed for a particular place or context that is developed because it is paired with rewarding stimuli (e.g., hormonal, sexual behavior, drugs of abuse). This is a form of Pavlovian conditioning.

Alfred Jost

Investigator who developed important ideas about the nature of sexuality and particularly dividing sexuality into separate components (genetic, gonadal, body, brain sex).

5A reductase

Key enzyme in male sexual differentiation, converts testosterone into the potent androgen Dihydrotestosterone (DHT).

endocrine disruptor

An exogenous chemical substance or mixture that alters the structure or functions of the endocrine system.

Berthold (Arnold Adolph Berthold)

caponized chickens to prevent rooster development

In berthods experiment: . What treatment groups were included?

Briefly state the key results observed for each group

Castrated while juvenile, Castrated but testes reimplanted, Castrated and testes from another bird implanted e. Caponization (no mating or fighting, smaller, poorly developed secondary sexual characteristics [wattles and combs]), normal rooster development, normal rooster development

The key contribution of Berthold was the proposal of a

secreted and blood-borne product causing these effects (Verhaltniss der Hoden) – essentially predicting the discovery of hormones decades later.

Who investigated why do birds sing

Niko Tinbergen

What are the levels for anaylis or behavior

immediate causation, development, evolution, and adaptive function

Immediate Causation

The physiological mechanisms that produce bird song (e.g., hormonal cues, brain areas involved, etc)

Development

The developmental mechanisms by which a bird develops the ability to sing as it grows and matures.

Evolution

The phylogenetic history of the ability to sing (e.g., when did singing first appear in the bird evolutionary 'family tree')

adaptive function

What is the adaptive significance of this behavior? (e.g., singing is necessary to defend a territory and/or attract a mate)

How do hormones affect the display of behaviors

input, integrator, output

the ovaries and testes develop from the same bipotential embryonic structure – what is the name of this structure?

germinal ridge

Ovary devlopment process

cortex of germinal ridge develops

testes devlopment process

medulla of germinal ridge devlops and SRY is the switch to this process

female mullerian ducts

develop while wolfian ducts degernate

male mullerian ducts

degenerate while wolfian ducts devlop

WHO allows organizational and activation understanding to come about

WILLIAM YOUNG

WILIAM YOUNG DID experiments on

guinea pigs

In william young’experiment: What was the basic design of the experiment: what did they do? what were the experimental groups , and what behaviors did they measure in adulthood?

Gave testosterone injections (actually testosterone proprionate) to pregnant female Guinea pigs with three groups: control (no T), low T, and high T. Behaviors measured were lordosis/female typical sexual behavior and mounting/male-typical behavior

What are the key conclusions of young’s experiment

a. Clear distinction between prenatal and postnatal actions of hormones

b. Critical prenatal and perinatal periods exist for organizational effects

c. Organization of neural tissues similar (somewhat) to that of gonadal accessory structures

Starting from testosterone released from the testes, explain what happens to this testosterone

T is converted to estradiol by aromatase

what general type of hormone receptor the hormone then binds to (or could be specific with the two main forms of this receptor we discussed) the estradiol

ER (estradiol receptor)

Estradiol) name the critical brain region where this hormone-receptor binding and then hormone action needs to take place for the display of male sexual behavior

preoptic area

Evidence of POA being essential

• Electrical activity increases in this region as males engage in sexual activity

• Lesions of POA eliminate male-typical sexual behavior usually

What are the two “nose” systems

Main olfactory system and Vomeronasal organ

Main olfactory system projects to

more conscious areas of the brain, projecting to cortical areas as well as lateral parts of the amygdala

Accessory olfactory system

projects to medial amygdala and then into key areas regulating sexual behavior including the POA

What brain area is the most critical for the display of female sexual behavior?

ventromedial hypothalamus VMH

. From the hormone receptors we have discussed, what are two you could target that you would predict would disrupt female sexual behavior?

ERa and ERb

What hormone is known to affect female sexual behavior

estradiol

George Papanicolaou

inventor of the papsmear

Rosalyn Yalow

Key figure in the development of the radioimmunoassay, which was important for behavioral endocrinology as it allowed measurement of hormonal concentrations

Lordosis

This is the female-typical consummatory sexual behavior in many mammals including particularly rodents.

Endocrine Disrupting Compound

Typically defined “An exogenous chemical substance or mixture that alters the structure or function(s) of the endocrine system.”, though exact definitions vary. This is the basic idea though and what this question is looking for.

Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH)

Important signaling molecule in male sexual differentiation in mammals, promotes regression of Mullerian ducts

INAH-3

A brain nucleus that is larger, on average, in heterosexual men than women or homosexual men with women and homosexual men not being different from each other, at least in the highly publicized study by Simon Levay.

birds develop along a

male developmental pathway (the ‘default pathway’ in

this case) unless a female differentiation path is induced

In mammals embryos devlop along a

a female differentiation pathway

(termed the ‘default’ pathway in this case) unless SRY is present and

expressed (as seen, for example, in the question above

What two hormones are responsible for females sexual behvaior

Estradiol and progesterone

E2 and P peak

around time of ovulation in mammals

E2 stimulates the expression of

progesterone receptors in the VMH

Hormone

A chemical messenger released from endocrine cells that (typically) travels through the blood system to interact with cells either nearby or often at some distance away and cause a response.

Monoclonal antibody

These are antibodies that are from a lineage of antibody-producing cells and are all similar in binding only one antigen (contrast with polyclonal antibodies that can bind a variety of antigens on a given target molecule).

Daniel Lehrman

– Important behavioral endocrinologist, director of Institute of Animal Behavior at Rutgers University, key contributions in understanding mating behavior using ring doves as study system.

Paced Mating:

females control the pace of sexual interactions with males (typically by restricting males to one chamber in an apparatus while females are free to enter and leave that chamber).

Paracopulatory behavior

: Behaviors displayed around the time of copulation, preferred to other terms such as proceptive because it does not assume functions for these behaviors (purely descriptive about the timing in which they are displayed)

Bayliss and Starling conducted an experiment

connecting the circulation of two dogs

Bayliss and Starling found in the small intestine…

that something blood borne caused this response. This hormone they found was produced and released (i.e., secreted) was later termed secretin

Intrauterine Position Effect (IUP)

t describes the effects of steroid hormone exposure

lesioning the VMH

abolishes female sexual behavior

the first areas of the CNS to receive signals from the main olfactory bulb

main olfacotry bulb

the accessory olfactory system projects to the

medial amygdala

lesioning the POA abolishes

male-typical sexual behavior

What were the three groups of guinea pigs tested

a. Control: female pups were typical

b. Low testosterone dose

c. High testosterone dose

What were the external morphology of the guinea pigs

Low t had female morphpoholgy and high t had masculinzied morphology

What was the sexual behavior in adulthood

low t - lordosis behavior was disrupted in adulthood

high t dose- sexual behavior more male presenting

THREE implications of youngs experiment

a. prenatal and postnatal hormones are different

b. critical periods exist for organization effects

c. Organization of neural tissues is similar to that of gondal accessoy structures

What does masculization of the braind depend on

estrogen

precocial

a reproductive pattern of smaller numbers of physically larger offspring

primiparous

a females first time giving birth

nitric oxide

gaseous neurotransmitter with aggressive behavior links

CRH

hypothalamic protein hormone that stimulates ACTH release to stress

set point

value around which body regulates processes

parabiosis

connecting of 2 indisuals

osmotic thirst

thirst induced by an increase in plasma osmolarity

psychological dwarfism

Trauma or abuse results in low growth hormone production and thus poor growth.

pup sensitization

female rodents can be induced to exhibit maternal care on pups other than their own

John Wingfeild

developed the challenge hypothesis

hans selye

characterized the endocrine stress response and crowned the term stress

Harry harlow

investigated maternal care effects on offspring devlopment

Who did the experiment on maternal care with monkeys

Harlow

What hormone is related to parental behavior

prolactin

What brain area is related to parental behavior

the medial POA

what is correlative evidence of prolactin importanc e

1. immediate early genes with parental behavior

2. presecence of prolactin receptors

experimental evidence of prolactin importance

lession studies and injection studies

Scrub jays are an example of

helpers of the nest

what benefit do helpers of the nest receive in terms of evolution

fitness increases when they help their genetically shared siblings survive

helpers show an

increase in prolactin

neuropeptides are located on

discrete neural pathways

neuropeptides generally function as

neuromodulators

neuropeptides systems often show

remarkable plasticity across development

affiliation

behaviors that serve to bring animals together

what horomones are linked to affiliation

oxytocin and vasopressin

Birds exhibit

affiliation with the hormone mesotocin

seasonal changes in agressesion correlate with

seasonal changes in androgens

agression rises with

increasing andorgen levels at puberty

castration reduces

agression and T admin restores it

Brattleboro rats

urinate excessively