GCSE edexcel spain and the new world
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79 Terms
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Spain c1490- the crusading spirit
\-the church wanted to defend the christian religion from the influence of other religions and spread christianity, the church supported crusades- expeditions to foreign countries with the aim of converting people there to christianity
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Spain c1490- foreign ambitions
expand spanish influence, create new trading opportunities, open up trade route to east indies, ensure that spain (not portugal) became the dominant power in europe, ferdinand and isabella wanted to find treasure, such as gold and silver
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Why Isabella and Ferdinand granted support in 1491
would provide income for spanish treasury, making them rich, isabella saw it as an opportunity to spread christianity, would raise spanish international prestige
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Challenges of Columbus’ first voyage
\-suitable provisions, eg food, were required, they needed ships and crew, portuguese rivals may seek to obstruct the voyage, the crew was uneasy about sailing for such a long time
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the first conflict at samana
the spanish were attacked by natives- resulted in two natives being wounded and the rest escaping. this showed that native people were prepared to attack, so the spanish needed to be ready to defend themselves
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the building of la navidad
november 1492, the captain of the pinta, martin pinzon, sailed away to look for gold without columbus’ permission
\-colombus’ ship, the santa maria, ran aground on christmas eve- leaving him with only the nina for all of his men
\-columbus built a fort, known as la navidad, for protection as there had already been trouble at samana
\-colombus’ ship, the santa maria, ran aground on christmas eve- leaving him with only the nina for all of his men
\-columbus built a fort, known as la navidad, for protection as there had already been trouble at samana
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the discovery of gold, cotton and tobacco
\-columbus found small amounts of gold on haiti but martin pinzon soon found more on a nearby island
\-tobacco was given to colombus by a native chief in san salvador
\-cotton was seen growing on cuba, san salvador and other islands in the bahamas
\-the spanish quickly adopted the practice of smoking tobacco rolled into cigars
\-tobacco was given to colombus by a native chief in san salvador
\-cotton was seen growing on cuba, san salvador and other islands in the bahamas
\-the spanish quickly adopted the practice of smoking tobacco rolled into cigars
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the impact of contact with ‘indians’
\-columbus described then as naking and wearing gold ornaments through holes in their noses
\-the people told him that their chief had gold but would not allow columbus to meet him.
\-the people told him that their chief had gold but would not allow columbus to meet him.
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relations with the tainos
\-the tainos, tribe in cuba, believed that the spaniards were ‘men from the sky’ who would fufil their elders’ prophecies so they cooperated with them
\-the native people helped the spanish unload the santa maria when it struck a reef off the coast of haiti
\-the native people helped the spanish unload the santa maria when it struck a reef off the coast of haiti
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relations with the caribs
\-columbus describes the caribs as ferocious, engaged in cannibalism and in raiding other tribes looking for slaves and women
\-he also wrote about the shrunked heads seen in a carib village
\-he also wrote about the shrunked heads seen in a carib village
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The portuguese claim the new world
\-king john soon heard about columbus’ exhibition and the existance of a new world across the atlantic
\-portugal claimed that they had the right to rule the new world instead of spain because of the treaty of alcacovas of 1479, which stated that all lands to the west belonged to portugal
\-ferdinand and isabella rejected john’s claim to all parts of the new world and assembled a fleet of ships in southern spain near portugal: war seemed likely
\-portugal claimed that they had the right to rule the new world instead of spain because of the treaty of alcacovas of 1479, which stated that all lands to the west belonged to portugal
\-ferdinand and isabella rejected john’s claim to all parts of the new world and assembled a fleet of ships in southern spain near portugal: war seemed likely
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the treaty of tordesillas 1494
\-intervention of pope alexander VI resolved the dispute
\-pope supported spain’s claim because of isabella’s piety: he believed spain would spread christianity to the new world
\-a line was drawn from the north pole to the south pole: all lands to the west of this land were spanish, all to the east (except the canaries) were portuguese
\-the new world was all spanish, except for some easterly parts of south america.
\-the exploration and control of africa was left to the portuguese
\-pope supported spain’s claim because of isabella’s piety: he believed spain would spread christianity to the new world
\-a line was drawn from the north pole to the south pole: all lands to the west of this land were spanish, all to the east (except the canaries) were portuguese
\-the new world was all spanish, except for some easterly parts of south america.
\-the exploration and control of africa was left to the portuguese
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significance of the treaty of tordesillas 1494
\-gave spain most of the new world. ferdinand and isabella were now able to claim mexico, north america, most of south america and the caribbean
\-this meant that any gold and silver found in these territories would belong to spain
\-spain had a major incentive to continue exploration of the new world: as a way of obtaining gold, silver and other resources
\-this meant that any gold and silver found in these territories would belong to spain
\-spain had a major incentive to continue exploration of the new world: as a way of obtaining gold, silver and other resources
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columbus as governor
\-responsible for establishing a colony of settlements in the discovered lands in the caribbean
\-his aims were to treat the natives well and convert them to christianity as well as sending gold back to spain
\-he could appoint officials to act on his behalf
\-his aims were to treat the natives well and convert them to christianity as well as sending gold back to spain
\-he could appoint officials to act on his behalf
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the foundation of isabela 1493
\-unsuccessful because of the poor location and because most spanish settlers were more interested in finding gold and troubling the local woman than in clearing the forest for planting crops
\-due to his lack of experience, columbus was unable to control the spanish settlers and became angry because of the conflict they caused
\-due to his lack of experience, columbus was unable to control the spanish settlers and became angry because of the conflict they caused
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columbus returns to spain
\-he left his brother, bartholomew, in charge at isabela. in 1494 columbus left to explore the southern coastline of cuba
\-bartholomew immediately started building a new settlement at santo domingo
\-columbus reached spain in 1496 to report on progress and respond to criticisms on his management of isabela
\-bartholomew immediately started building a new settlement at santo domingo
\-columbus reached spain in 1496 to report on progress and respond to criticisms on his management of isabela
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significance of santo domingo
\-columbus returned from spain in 1498 to find the settlement in santo domingo in uproar
\-he calmed matters for a while by offering the settlers special rights, like land and native labourers to work on it
\-rebellion continued and columbus responded by hanging some natives and spaniards: unable to control the colony, he requested help from ferdinand and isabella
\-the spanish government sent its own representative, francisco de bobadilla, to replace columbus as governor in 1500. he upheld the settlers’ grievances and columbus was returned to spain in chains to face trial.
\-he calmed matters for a while by offering the settlers special rights, like land and native labourers to work on it
\-rebellion continued and columbus responded by hanging some natives and spaniards: unable to control the colony, he requested help from ferdinand and isabella
\-the spanish government sent its own representative, francisco de bobadilla, to replace columbus as governor in 1500. he upheld the settlers’ grievances and columbus was returned to spain in chains to face trial.
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columbus’ trial and final voyage
\-columbus and bartholomew were accused of tyranny, brutality and incompetence and jailed for six weeks
\-ferdinand and isabella allowed columbus to keep his titles but ordered he he should no longer have any say in the governance of the territories in the caribbean
\-columbus undertook a fourth voyage between the 1502 and 1504 but by this time isabella had died and ferdinand refused to meet him on his return
\-ferdinand and isabella allowed columbus to keep his titles but ordered he he should no longer have any say in the governance of the territories in the caribbean
\-columbus undertook a fourth voyage between the 1502 and 1504 but by this time isabella had died and ferdinand refused to meet him on his return
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the development of the spanish empire in the new world
presented ferdinand and isabella with opportunities:
\-could encourage spanish settlers to colonise the land and develop their cusading spirit by converting previously unknown lands to christianity
\-they could use any gold and silver found in the new world to boost the wealth of the spanish government and increase spains power and influence in the new world
any spanish empire in the new world had to find a way of governing the native population
\-could encourage spanish settlers to colonise the land and develop their cusading spirit by converting previously unknown lands to christianity
\-they could use any gold and silver found in the new world to boost the wealth of the spanish government and increase spains power and influence in the new world
any spanish empire in the new world had to find a way of governing the native population
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the development of slavery
\-under columbus, spanish organised exhibitions to xapture slaves and send them to the slave markets of spain- isabella stopped this policy and freed and returned many of the slaves
\-under governor ovando, the encomienda system was established- each spanish settler was allocated a group of natives who had to provide tribute in the form of labour, goods or both. in return, the spanish would ‘protect’ the natives, teach them spanish and convert them to christianity. this meant many natives were exploited like slaves
\-under governor ovando, the encomienda system was established- each spanish settler was allocated a group of natives who had to provide tribute in the form of labour, goods or both. in return, the spanish would ‘protect’ the natives, teach them spanish and convert them to christianity. this meant many natives were exploited like slaves
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gold and tribute
\-natives were required to pay tribute to the spanish in the form of gold, cotton of produce
\-the development of bobadilla and his successor, ovando, meant that natives were instead required to work under harsh conditions in the gold mines set up by the spanish as virtual slaves
\-the development of bobadilla and his successor, ovando, meant that natives were instead required to work under harsh conditions in the gold mines set up by the spanish as virtual slaves
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disease and death
\-spanish brought new diseases with them, such as smallpox and measles. native people had no immunity to these infections and many died
\-this had a bad effect on the native population. in hispaniola there were 500000 natives in 1492, by 1507 this had fallen to 60000
\-this had a bad effect on the native population. in hispaniola there were 500000 natives in 1492, by 1507 this had fallen to 60000
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native rebellions and spanish repression
\-natives who resisted slavery were treated brutally- many were mutilated or attacked by hunting dogs. during columbus’s governorship, and afterwards, some natives revolted
\-the spanish responded brutally to revolt. in the jaragua massacre (1503) the spanish cilled tainos, burning them alive. similarly, in the higuey massacre hundreds of tainos were slaughtered by the spanish
\-the spanish responded brutally to revolt. in the jaragua massacre (1503) the spanish cilled tainos, burning them alive. similarly, in the higuey massacre hundreds of tainos were slaughtered by the spanish
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regulation of exploration
\-1495- ferdinand and isabella issued a decree controlling exploration in the new world
\-this stated that any ship going to the new world had to be registered in, and leave from, cadiz
\-1/10 of the cargo on the ships going to the new world had to be spanish
\-people were free to live or prospect for gold in the new world but had to give 2/3 of the gold found and 1/10 of all other products to the spanish treasury
\-the discovery of any new lands had to be registered with the spanish authorities
\-this stated that any ship going to the new world had to be registered in, and leave from, cadiz
\-1/10 of the cargo on the ships going to the new world had to be spanish
\-people were free to live or prospect for gold in the new world but had to give 2/3 of the gold found and 1/10 of all other products to the spanish treasury
\-the discovery of any new lands had to be registered with the spanish authorities
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establishment of a monopoly on trade
\-1503, a government agency was established in seville
\-the aim of the casa de contratacion (house of trade) was to ensure that spain controlled all trade with the carribean, and that a proportion of the trade profits were paid to the spanish treasury
\-traders had to have permission from this agency before they could trade, giving spain complete control over trade with the new world
\-the aim of the casa de contratacion (house of trade) was to ensure that spain controlled all trade with the carribean, and that a proportion of the trade profits were paid to the spanish treasury
\-traders had to have permission from this agency before they could trade, giving spain complete control over trade with the new world
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extension of spanish authority
\-after a hurricane in 1502 wrecked the town, santo domingo was rebuilt and developed as the control centre of spanish government in the new world
\-from here, the governor ruled the new spanish territories on behalf of the spanish government
\-from here, the governor ruled the new spanish territories on behalf of the spanish government
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the laws of burgos 1512
\-ordered by ferdinand and applied to the whole of the new world
\-maintained the encomienda system- which essentially turned the natives into slaves
\-allowed spanish to punish natives who broke the laws
\-required natives to be instructed in christianity
\-they set down that indians were to be treated kindly and their hours of work regulated
\-maintained the encomienda system- which essentially turned the natives into slaves
\-allowed spanish to punish natives who broke the laws
\-required natives to be instructed in christianity
\-they set down that indians were to be treated kindly and their hours of work regulated
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use of missionaries to convert the native population
\-catholic monks and priests accompanied the spanish settlers in haiti and elsewhere
\-their role was to teach natives about christianity and baptise them as christians
\-taught reading and writing and discouraged the natives from following ‘pagan’ customs
\-their role was to teach natives about christianity and baptise them as christians
\-taught reading and writing and discouraged the natives from following ‘pagan’ customs
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who were the conquistadors?
\-professional soldiers who took part in expeditions to explore and conquer lands in central and south america
\-officially, only spanish catholics could act as conquistadors, but many were actually foreign mercenaries hoping to become rich by acting on behalf of the spanish government
\-officially, only spanish catholics could act as conquistadors, but many were actually foreign mercenaries hoping to become rich by acting on behalf of the spanish government
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balboa, conquistador
\-his major motive was to gain wealth
\-arrived in central america in 1509 and by 1511 became governor of veragua
\-1513, led an expedition that discovered the pacific ocean
\-ruthless, the native people were treated brutally
\-the possibility of great wealth, in the form of gold, silver and pearls, led to rivalry between balboa and pedrarias (another ambitious conquistador)
\-arrived in central america in 1509 and by 1511 became governor of veragua
\-1513, led an expedition that discovered the pacific ocean
\-ruthless, the native people were treated brutally
\-the possibility of great wealth, in the form of gold, silver and pearls, led to rivalry between balboa and pedrarias (another ambitious conquistador)
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the discovery of the pacific 1513
\-1513, balboa led an expedition that crossed the isthmus of panama and discovered the pacific
\-balboa claimed the sea and the land that surrounded it for spain
\-the new route meant that spain was free to conquer lands on the pacific coast
\-balboa claimed the sea and the land that surrounded it for spain
\-the new route meant that spain was free to conquer lands on the pacific coast
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the founding and significance of panama
\-founded as a spanish territory under pedrarias as a royal governor, and became important as a colony
\-from here, pedrarias and his second-in-command, espinosa, explored the pacific coast
\-the route through panama led to magellan’s circumnavigation of the globe
\-panama became a starting point for further conquests by cortes and pizarro
\-from here, pedrarias and his second-in-command, espinosa, explored the pacific coast
\-the route through panama led to magellan’s circumnavigation of the globe
\-panama became a starting point for further conquests by cortes and pizarro
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the significance of the capture of cuba
\-encomienda system established in cuba
\-this allowed for the cultivation of crops, especially tobacco, on the island
\-native population declined further
\-from the mid-1500s, african slaves were brought to cuba
\-spanish control of cuba led to further exploration and conquest on the mainland, including of florida and mexico
\-this allowed for the cultivation of crops, especially tobacco, on the island
\-native population declined further
\-from the mid-1500s, african slaves were brought to cuba
\-spanish control of cuba led to further exploration and conquest on the mainland, including of florida and mexico
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cruelty to native people
\-natives treated appallingly by the spanish. many were forced to work in gold mines and on cotton plantations
\-this prevented many of them from planting the crops that they had farmed for centuries. many starved as a result
\-others were murdered or enslaved
\-native people were required to convert to christianity. those who refused to do so were burned as pagans and heretics
\-this prevented many of them from planting the crops that they had farmed for centuries. many starved as a result
\-others were murdered or enslaved
\-native people were required to convert to christianity. those who refused to do so were burned as pagans and heretics
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the quest for the spice islands
\-1518, newly crowned charles I of spain placed ferdinand magellan in command of five ships to sail across the atlantic and find a new route to the spice islands and new lands for spain
\-the treaty of tordesillas didnt specify whether the spice islands belong to spain or portugal
\-charles wanted magellan to find the islands first for spain to develop trade in spices
\-magellan was keen to take up the challenge and find the new sea route
\-the treaty of tordesillas didnt specify whether the spice islands belong to spain or portugal
\-charles wanted magellan to find the islands first for spain to develop trade in spices
\-magellan was keen to take up the challenge and find the new sea route
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magellan’s journey
\-1519, magellan set sail westwards and southwards across the atlantic, entering the pacific by discovering the narrow strait at the tip of south america, later named after him
\-he sailed to the philippines, which he reached in 1521, claiming them for spain
\-1522, having sailed westwards across the indian ocean, only one of the five ships, the victoria, returned to port in spain. of the 270 men that set out in 1519, only 18 returned and most were very sick
\-he sailed to the philippines, which he reached in 1521, claiming them for spain
\-1522, having sailed westwards across the indian ocean, only one of the five ships, the victoria, returned to port in spain. of the 270 men that set out in 1519, only 18 returned and most were very sick
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significance of magellan’s voyage
\-established that the earth was round and that columbus was correct in belief that the east indied could be reached by sailing westwards
\-opened up the pacific, leading to the exploration of the east indies and philippines. by the mid-1540s, places such as california were being visited by spanish explorers
this means that the philippines became part of the spanish empire. this, combined with the spanish empire in the new world, enabled spain to dominate world trade by the 1540s with tobacco, spices, silver and gold.
\-this meant the income of the spanish government increased as gold, silver and taxes rolled into its treasury
\-opened up the pacific, leading to the exploration of the east indies and philippines. by the mid-1540s, places such as california were being visited by spanish explorers
this means that the philippines became part of the spanish empire. this, combined with the spanish empire in the new world, enabled spain to dominate world trade by the 1540s with tobacco, spices, silver and gold.
\-this meant the income of the spanish government increased as gold, silver and taxes rolled into its treasury
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why did the spanish send an expedition to mexico
\-explorers who had returned the year before brought back gold and silver objects and stories of stone cities built by the mayans
\-velasquez, the ambitious governor of cuba, wanted the weath and fame that would result from claiming more land for spain, as well as church approval for spreading christianity
\-working for velasquez in cuba, cortes had become wealthy. the prospect of more treasure made cortes willing to launch an expedition to mexico
\-velasquez, the ambitious governor of cuba, wanted the weath and fame that would result from claiming more land for spain, as well as church approval for spreading christianity
\-working for velasquez in cuba, cortes had become wealthy. the prospect of more treasure made cortes willing to launch an expedition to mexico
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rivalry between velasquez and cortes
\-velazquez appointed cortes as the commander of the expedition to mexico
\-cortes was responsible for establishing trading relations with the tribes living alone the coast, but ordered not to settle on the mainland
\-realising that cortes might ignore his orders and conquer the territory, velazquez changed his mind about having cortes in charge just before the expedition was due to sail
\-velazquez set out to arrest cortes and stop him from setting sail but was too late. cortes had been warned and had already left cuba with 11 ships and about 600 men and 100 cuban slaves
\-cortes was responsible for establishing trading relations with the tribes living alone the coast, but ordered not to settle on the mainland
\-realising that cortes might ignore his orders and conquer the territory, velazquez changed his mind about having cortes in charge just before the expedition was due to sail
\-velazquez set out to arrest cortes and stop him from setting sail but was too late. cortes had been warned and had already left cuba with 11 ships and about 600 men and 100 cuban slaves
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mexico in 1519
\-dominated by the aztec empire, which had existed for hundreds of years and was ruled by montezuma
\-rulers of the conquered cities could remain in power provided they paid tribute and supplied the aztecs with warriors as necessary
\-many tribes resented aztec rule and were potential allies for cortes and the spanish against the aztecs
\-the aztec capital tenochtitlan, a city of about 300000 people in the centre of lake texcoco, was larger than any european city
\-rulers of the conquered cities could remain in power provided they paid tribute and supplied the aztecs with warriors as necessary
\-many tribes resented aztec rule and were potential allies for cortes and the spanish against the aztecs
\-the aztec capital tenochtitlan, a city of about 300000 people in the centre of lake texcoco, was larger than any european city
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cortes’s arrival in mexico
\-1519, cortes landed in mexico, formally claiming it for spain
\-he proceeded to the tabasco river where he won a battle against the native tribes- the mayans. cortes owed much of his success to horses and artillery, which the mayans did not have, giving him a significant advantage
\-he was given 20 young native women and converted them to christianity. among these women was malinche, who became both his mistress and interpreter. she spoke with both the aztecs and other tribes on cortes’s behalf. cortes was now in a position to meet and negotiate with the aztecs
\-he proceeded to the tabasco river where he won a battle against the native tribes- the mayans. cortes owed much of his success to horses and artillery, which the mayans did not have, giving him a significant advantage
\-he was given 20 young native women and converted them to christianity. among these women was malinche, who became both his mistress and interpreter. she spoke with both the aztecs and other tribes on cortes’s behalf. cortes was now in a position to meet and negotiate with the aztecs
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montezuma’s invitation to cortes
\-montezuma’s aztec spies had been tracking cortes. they were concerned about the alliences and agreements made by cortes with native tribes who disliked the aztecs
\-montezuma sent gifts to cortes, inviting him and his soldiers to come to tenochtitlan, the capital of the aztec empire, as his guests
\-the aztecs suggested that the spaniards travelled to tenochtitlan through the sacred city of cholula, which was under aztec control. this may have reflected montezuma’s belief that the spanish were gods who came from the sea
\-cortes, fearing a trap, agreed that he would travel to tenochtitlan vio cholula but also accepted the tlaxcalan offer to provide 1000 warriors to go with him
\-montezuma sent gifts to cortes, inviting him and his soldiers to come to tenochtitlan, the capital of the aztec empire, as his guests
\-the aztecs suggested that the spaniards travelled to tenochtitlan through the sacred city of cholula, which was under aztec control. this may have reflected montezuma’s belief that the spanish were gods who came from the sea
\-cortes, fearing a trap, agreed that he would travel to tenochtitlan vio cholula but also accepted the tlaxcalan offer to provide 1000 warriors to go with him
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the massacre at cholula
\-on the way to tenochtitlan, cortes’s soldiers entered cholula and massacred 3000 people and destroyed the city, which was sacred to the aztecs
\-this sent shock waves through the aztec empire and demonstrated the power of the spanish
\-the spanish and their tlaxcalan allies now began to advance on tenochtitlan
\-this sent shock waves through the aztec empire and demonstrated the power of the spanish
\-the spanish and their tlaxcalan allies now began to advance on tenochtitlan
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the spanish arrival in tenochtitlan
\-montezuma initially welcomes the spanish as guests, perhaps believeing they were gods
\-cortes tricked montezuma, taking him prisoner and threatening to kill anyone who opposed the spanish
\-cortes forced montezuma to act as a puppet king, ruling the aztec empire according to cortes’s intructions
\-christian images were put on aztec temples to show that the christian gods were superior to aztec gods
\-cortes tricked montezuma, taking him prisoner and threatening to kill anyone who opposed the spanish
\-cortes forced montezuma to act as a puppet king, ruling the aztec empire according to cortes’s intructions
\-christian images were put on aztec temples to show that the christian gods were superior to aztec gods
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the defeat of the aztecs 1520-21
\-1520, 1000 spanish sent by velazquez to arrest cortes landed in mexico
\-leaving his deputy alvarado in charge at tenochtitlan, cortes defeated velazquez’s forces, mant of whom defected to cortes
\-alvarado, fearing a rebellion, killed the aztec nobles who had defied him
\-this led to the night of tears (june 1520): the aztecs turned on the spanish, killing half and driving the rest of them and their tlaxcalan allies out
\-montezuma was killed, either by the spanish as they fled to the city or their own people
\-cortes and his allies regrouped and besieged tenochtitlan, starving the inhabitants before attacking. in august 1521, the city surrendered to the spanish
\-leaving his deputy alvarado in charge at tenochtitlan, cortes defeated velazquez’s forces, mant of whom defected to cortes
\-alvarado, fearing a rebellion, killed the aztec nobles who had defied him
\-this led to the night of tears (june 1520): the aztecs turned on the spanish, killing half and driving the rest of them and their tlaxcalan allies out
\-montezuma was killed, either by the spanish as they fled to the city or their own people
\-cortes and his allies regrouped and besieged tenochtitlan, starving the inhabitants before attacking. in august 1521, the city surrendered to the spanish
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cortes’s actions as governor and captain-general
\-1523- named governor and captain-general of new spain.
\-built mexico city on the site of tenochtitlan, destroying all aztec religious temples
\-allocated land to the spaniards, encourages others to settle there and set up the encomienda system
\-developed mexican agriculture by importing sheep, goats, vines and silk worms from cuba and spain- he aimed to make mexico self-sufficient in food
\-converted thousands of natives to christianity
\-took tributes from other tribal leaders, including the tlaxcalans- normally gold and maize
\-developed industry, including the manufacture of textiles, sugar cane and iron products
\-had many of the aztec political and religious leaders killed, leaving the people unable to challenge the spanish
\-built mexico city on the site of tenochtitlan, destroying all aztec religious temples
\-allocated land to the spaniards, encourages others to settle there and set up the encomienda system
\-developed mexican agriculture by importing sheep, goats, vines and silk worms from cuba and spain- he aimed to make mexico self-sufficient in food
\-converted thousands of natives to christianity
\-took tributes from other tribal leaders, including the tlaxcalans- normally gold and maize
\-developed industry, including the manufacture of textiles, sugar cane and iron products
\-had many of the aztec political and religious leaders killed, leaving the people unable to challenge the spanish
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cortes; misrule and demotion 1528
\-he was unpopular with some conquistadors- he was accused of misrule, including stealing gold that he had found when the spanish captured tenochtitlan
\-cortes returned to spain to explain himself in 1528 and tried to impress charles I with his conquests and the treasure he had collected for spain
\-charles demoted him to captain-general but allowed him to keep his land. however, the position of governor was given to a rival
\-cortes returned to spain to explain himself in 1528 and tried to impress charles I with his conquests and the treasure he had collected for spain
\-charles demoted him to captain-general but allowed him to keep his land. however, the position of governor was given to a rival
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the extension of spanish rule
\-spanish explorers encouraged to launch expeditions to expand spanish influence in central america
\-expeditions sent to zacatula on the pacific coast and to oaxaca, the main gold-producing region of mexico
\-cortes developed new cities, including mexico city. he also developed mining, including iron and silver. many natives were employed there, often as slaves
\-expeditions sent to zacatula on the pacific coast and to oaxaca, the main gold-producing region of mexico
\-cortes developed new cities, including mexico city. he also developed mining, including iron and silver. many natives were employed there, often as slaves
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concequences for the aztecs
\-the destruction of the aztec ruling class
\-the end of the aztec empire
\-intermarriage between the spanish and the aztecs
\-religious conflict: aztec religion abolished as blasphemy- aztec priests murdered and temples pulled down
\-colonisation: spanish settlers encouraged to come from spain and cuba and given land under the encomienda system. less land left for the aztecs so many could not provide for their families and had to work for the spanish
\-language change; spanish became the main language spoken in new spain
\-forced conversion to christianity
\-agricultural change: spanish introduced meat and dairy farming as well as wheat and other cereals, changing the diet of the natives
\-disease: aztecs exposed to diseases such as smallpox and measles. decreased population
\-industrial change: spanish now mined iron, gold and silver, and grew cotton and tobacco commercially: all made possible by aztec slave labour
\-the end of the aztec empire
\-intermarriage between the spanish and the aztecs
\-religious conflict: aztec religion abolished as blasphemy- aztec priests murdered and temples pulled down
\-colonisation: spanish settlers encouraged to come from spain and cuba and given land under the encomienda system. less land left for the aztecs so many could not provide for their families and had to work for the spanish
\-language change; spanish became the main language spoken in new spain
\-forced conversion to christianity
\-agricultural change: spanish introduced meat and dairy farming as well as wheat and other cereals, changing the diet of the natives
\-disease: aztecs exposed to diseases such as smallpox and measles. decreased population
\-industrial change: spanish now mined iron, gold and silver, and grew cotton and tobacco commercially: all made possible by aztec slave labour
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pizarro’s ambitions
\-pizarro had been with balboa in 1513 when the expedition reached the pacific
\-pizarro was impressed by accounts of cortes’s success in mexico
\-he also heard stories from traders who told him of inca wealth and about ‘piru’ (a great land to the south rich with gold’
\-pizarro was impressed by accounts of cortes’s success in mexico
\-he also heard stories from traders who told him of inca wealth and about ‘piru’ (a great land to the south rich with gold’
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pizarro’s first expedition 1524
\-1524, pizarro led an expedition southwards with about 80 men and 40 horses
\-first expedition not a success: it sailed down the pacific coast, reaching only colombia before bad weather, lack of food and attacks by hostile natives forced pizarro to turn back
\-first expedition not a success: it sailed down the pacific coast, reaching only colombia before bad weather, lack of food and attacks by hostile natives forced pizarro to turn back
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pizarro’s appeal to the spanish king charles I
\-1528, pizarro returned to spain with evidence of inca wealth, including llamas, silver and gold
\-having been refused permission to launch a third expedition by the governor of panama, he appealed to charles I, promising to ‘entend the empire of castile’
\-pizarro recieved a licence, the capitulacion de toledo, in 1529, authorising him to conquer peru
\-having been refused permission to launch a third expedition by the governor of panama, he appealed to charles I, promising to ‘entend the empire of castile’
\-pizarro recieved a licence, the capitulacion de toledo, in 1529, authorising him to conquer peru
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the inca empire
\-huayna capac, the powerful inca emperor, was worshipped as a god by his people
\-the empire stretched down the west coast of latin america along the andes mountains
\-contained huge cities, temples and fortresses linked with a network of roads
\-empire was very wealthy and contained gold and silver mines
\-the empire stretched down the west coast of latin america along the andes mountains
\-contained huge cities, temples and fortresses linked with a network of roads
\-empire was very wealthy and contained gold and silver mines
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significance of huayna capac’s death
\-1528, an outbreak of smallpox killed thousands of incas, including many of huayna capac’s advisers and generals and then capac himself
\-huayna capac left the empire to his two sons, atahuallpa and huascar who divided the empire between them. this resulted in a civil war between the two rulers
\-huayna capac left the empire to his two sons, atahuallpa and huascar who divided the empire between them. this resulted in a civil war between the two rulers
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the battle of cajamarca 1532
\-spanish arrived early and hid their men in ambush positions in the square
\-atahuallpa was offered a christian bible by friar vincente, but threw it on the ground, arguing that the christian god was no better than those of the incas
\-when vicente argued that the incas were heretics, the spanish ambushed them. thousands of incas were killed and atahuallpa was taken prisoner
\-atahuallpa was offered a christian bible by friar vincente, but threw it on the ground, arguing that the christian god was no better than those of the incas
\-when vicente argued that the incas were heretics, the spanish ambushed them. thousands of incas were killed and atahuallpa was taken prisoner
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the murder of atahuallpa 1533
\-spanish agreed to ransom atahuallpa for a room full of gold and double the amount of silver
\-the spanish did not release him. instead they accused him of plotting against them and put him on trail for treason
\-atahuallpa was executed in cajamarca town square as his inca supporters pleaded for his life
\-the spanish did not release him. instead they accused him of plotting against them and put him on trail for treason
\-atahuallpa was executed in cajamarca town square as his inca supporters pleaded for his life
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pizarro puts manco on the throne
\-pizarro marched from cajamarca to cuzco, the inca capital, and was welcomed by the inhabitants, many of whom had hated atahaullpa’s rule and the civil war
\-pizarro had manco, a younger son of huayna capac and half-brother of atahuallpa, crowned as the new inca emperor
\-pizarro had manco, a younger son of huayna capac and half-brother of atahuallpa, crowned as the new inca emperor
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the revolt of the incas 1536
\-the spanish saw manco as a puppet king who would rule on their behalf
\-this led to an inca revolt when manco escaped from the spanish, assembled an army and attacked the spanish base at cuzco
\-this led to an inca revolt when manco escaped from the spanish, assembled an army and attacked the spanish base at cuzco
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the siege of cuzco 1536-37
\-inca warriors broke into the town, burning buildings to try to drive out the spanish, but the spanish was able to put the fires out
\-spanish used their cavalry to attack the inca warriors
\-spanish captured the fortress of sacsahuaman from the incas. which the inca army then besieged
\-seige ended when spanish forces exploring chile returned
\-manco withdrew and established a separate kingdom which lasted until 1572
\-spanish used their cavalry to attack the inca warriors
\-spanish captured the fortress of sacsahuaman from the incas. which the inca army then besieged
\-seige ended when spanish forces exploring chile returned
\-manco withdrew and established a separate kingdom which lasted until 1572
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the impact of the conquest
\-pizarro governed peru until his death at the hands of the rival conquistadors
\-inca empire was settled by spaniards- not only conquistadors but also spanish merchants who saw an opportunity to make money
\-disease, especially smallpox and measles, devastated the inca population
\-conquest led to the destruction of the inca civillisation.
\-many incas reduced to slavery and were joined by further slaves brought in from africa
\-inca empire was settled by spaniards- not only conquistadors but also spanish merchants who saw an opportunity to make money
\-disease, especially smallpox and measles, devastated the inca population
\-conquest led to the destruction of the inca civillisation.
\-many incas reduced to slavery and were joined by further slaves brought in from africa
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the discovery of silver in the new world
\-one of the conquistadors’ principal motives for exploration was the discovery of gold and silver
\-1550, silver had been discovered in potosi and in guanajuato and mexico
\-some of it had to be sent back to spain, but the conquistadors kept much of the wealth
\-1550, silver had been discovered in potosi and in guanajuato and mexico
\-some of it had to be sent back to spain, but the conquistadors kept much of the wealth
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silver mining and processing
\-deep mines dug where there was not risk of flooding
\-silver ore mined and brought to the surface
\-ore then smelted to extract the silver, which was then turned into silver coins
\-many workers needed to bring the silver ore to the surface to smelt the ore
\-many pack animals were needed to move the silver
\-silver ore mined and brought to the surface
\-ore then smelted to extract the silver, which was then turned into silver coins
\-many workers needed to bring the silver ore to the surface to smelt the ore
\-many pack animals were needed to move the silver
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significance of silver in bolivia and mexico
\-towns developed housing large numbers of people employed in mining
\-led to circulation of rumours and legends that there was lots of undiscovered wealth in the new world
\-this encouraged many spanish merchants to invest in projects designed to explore the area further in the hope of finding more gold and silver
\-this resulted in increased colonisation of the new world
\-the vast amounts of silver produced by the mines boosted the wealth of the spanish government.
\-led to circulation of rumours and legends that there was lots of undiscovered wealth in the new world
\-this encouraged many spanish merchants to invest in projects designed to explore the area further in the hope of finding more gold and silver
\-this resulted in increased colonisation of the new world
\-the vast amounts of silver produced by the mines boosted the wealth of the spanish government.
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the role of the viceroys
\-council of the indies appointed viceroys to govern spanish territories
\-two viceroys: one in mexico city and one in lima
\-viceroys often military men but could be churchmen or lawyers
\-great power as they acted on behalf of the spanish government
\-poor communications meant decisions took eight months to be approved
\-governed through cabildos (town councils), which managed daily life
\-justice managed through the audiencias (courts), with judges who were independent of the viceroys
\-two viceroys: one in mexico city and one in lima
\-viceroys often military men but could be churchmen or lawyers
\-great power as they acted on behalf of the spanish government
\-poor communications meant decisions took eight months to be approved
\-governed through cabildos (town councils), which managed daily life
\-justice managed through the audiencias (courts), with judges who were independent of the viceroys
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bartholome de las casas
\-las casas was a priest who travelled to the new world in 1512: he was given an encomienda in cuba where he witnessed the brutality of the conquistadors
\-he was made ‘protector of the indians’ and in 1527 wrote a book called ‘a short account of the destruction of the indies’ which described what he had seen
\-in 1542 he persuaded charles I to sign the new laws to improve natives’ lives
\-he was made ‘protector of the indians’ and in 1527 wrote a book called ‘a short account of the destruction of the indies’ which described what he had seen
\-in 1542 he persuaded charles I to sign the new laws to improve natives’ lives
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the new laws
\-made illegal to enslave natives
\-amount of tribute that could be collected was limited
\-encomiendas had to be passed back to the spanish government on the death of an encomendero (landowner)
\-amount of tribute that could be collected was limited
\-encomiendas had to be passed back to the spanish government on the death of an encomendero (landowner)
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significance of the new laws 1542
\-intended to improve the rights of native people, but encomenderos opposed them and the viceroy of peru refused to implement them
\-led to revolts in peru: the most serious (1544) had to be put down by the spanish government and led to a temporary halt in the conquest of the new world
\-though forced to suspend the new laws, charles I insisted that encomiendas be passed back to the crown on the death of an encomendero, with royal agents in charge. the royal agents continued to exploit the native people, against the wishes of las casas
\-led to revolts in peru: the most serious (1544) had to be put down by the spanish government and led to a temporary halt in the conquest of the new world
\-though forced to suspend the new laws, charles I insisted that encomiendas be passed back to the crown on the death of an encomendero, with royal agents in charge. the royal agents continued to exploit the native people, against the wishes of las casas
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the role of the encomienda system
\-system had already been set up in the west indies and mexico but was now imposed officially across the spanish empire
\-a spaniard was allocated land and workers by the spanish government and became an encomendero
\-they could demand tribute from the native people on their estate but had to ensure that they were not exploited
\-they had to pay for catholic preists and monks to convert the natives to christianity and provide and pay for the defence of the area with other encomenderos
\-a spaniard was allocated land and workers by the spanish government and became an encomendero
\-they could demand tribute from the native people on their estate but had to ensure that they were not exploited
\-they had to pay for catholic preists and monks to convert the natives to christianity and provide and pay for the defence of the area with other encomenderos
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conquistador revolt in peru 1544
\-new laws were unpopular among the encomenderos as they reduced their power
\-led to a serious revolt in peru
\-the rebellion was initially successful and gonzalo was able to rule the inca territory for two years
\-the arrival of a spanish army resulted in his execution and the restoration of spanish authority
\-the revolt posed a problem about how spain could govern its territories and control the rebellious encomenderos and conquistadors. this led to the founding of la paz in 1548
\-led to a serious revolt in peru
\-the rebellion was initially successful and gonzalo was able to rule the inca territory for two years
\-the arrival of a spanish army resulted in his execution and the restoration of spanish authority
\-the revolt posed a problem about how spain could govern its territories and control the rebellious encomenderos and conquistadors. this led to the founding of la paz in 1548
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the founding of la paz
\-founded in 1548 on the site of the inca city of laja
\-founded to commemorate the ending of G. pizarro’s revolt and to demonstrate that spain was the highest authority, not the conquistadors
\-it became the administrative centre of the spanish empire
\-the spanish viceroy was based there
\-founded close to the trade routes near two mines: this safeguarded spanish control over the extraction of silver and trade
\-its location high up made the city less vulnerable to attack
\-establishment of the city represented the peak of a conquistador conquest
\-founded to commemorate the ending of G. pizarro’s revolt and to demonstrate that spain was the highest authority, not the conquistadors
\-it became the administrative centre of the spanish empire
\-the spanish viceroy was based there
\-founded close to the trade routes near two mines: this safeguarded spanish control over the extraction of silver and trade
\-its location high up made the city less vulnerable to attack
\-establishment of the city represented the peak of a conquistador conquest
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the spanish treasure route
\-vast amounts of silver was transported to spain from the 1520s onwards
ships often sailed the same routes to catch the trade winds
\-ships laden with silver moving to and from the new world sailed in small treasure fleets to provide security for each other and assist if they were attacked or the weather turned bad
ships often sailed the same routes to catch the trade winds
\-ships laden with silver moving to and from the new world sailed in small treasure fleets to provide security for each other and assist if they were attacked or the weather turned bad
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effect of silver on spain’s economy
\-75% went to spanish merchants and conquistadors, the reat went to the spanish treasury
\-used to make eight-sided coins known as pesos which allowed extensive trade with other european countries
\-demand for goods increased, enabling foreign traders to put up their prices
\-led to inflation as spanish merchants passed on price rises to ordinary people
\-silver was vital to support spain’s european empire, equipping soldiers to make war against france (1542-46) and providing ships to guard treasure fleets
\-as spains economy was based on the looted silver, people did nit have to make money in other ways, with the result that spanish industries developed more slowly than in other european countries
\-used to make eight-sided coins known as pesos which allowed extensive trade with other european countries
\-demand for goods increased, enabling foreign traders to put up their prices
\-led to inflation as spanish merchants passed on price rises to ordinary people
\-silver was vital to support spain’s european empire, equipping soldiers to make war against france (1542-46) and providing ships to guard treasure fleets
\-as spains economy was based on the looted silver, people did nit have to make money in other ways, with the result that spanish industries developed more slowly than in other european countries
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attacks on treasure fleets c1555
\-spanish ships or galleons were an attractive target for pirates and privateers (ships funded by hostile governments and men with money to attack shipping)
\-privateers initially came from france and england and began attacking spanish treasure ships in the 1520s.
\-to combat this, the spanish developed fleets to travel together in convoys, protected by fighting ships called galleons. two convoy systems were created.
\-privateers initially came from france and england and began attacking spanish treasure ships in the 1520s.
\-to combat this, the spanish developed fleets to travel together in convoys, protected by fighting ships called galleons. two convoy systems were created.
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the growth of seville
\-all goods imported to europe from the new world were required to pass through seville’s casa de contratacion, where merchants paid taxes and duties on the goods traded
\-merchants from all over europe travelled to seville to buy and sell goods to and from the new world
\-trade involved plants (cotton and tobacco), crops (wheat) and animals (horses, pigs and cattle)
\-this gave in spain, in particular seville, a monopoly over trade with the new world: making its merchants and traders extremely wealthy
\-seville was inconvenient to reach but it made the port difficult to attack
\-merchants from all over europe travelled to seville to buy and sell goods to and from the new world
\-trade involved plants (cotton and tobacco), crops (wheat) and animals (horses, pigs and cattle)
\-this gave in spain, in particular seville, a monopoly over trade with the new world: making its merchants and traders extremely wealthy
\-seville was inconvenient to reach but it made the port difficult to attack
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the growth of the consulado de mercaderes
\-spanish merchants demanded a say in the running of the casa de contratacion
\-they set up a merchants’ guild and formed a monopoly, which enabled them to control most of the trade with the spanish colonies and keep prices high
\-their control of the economies of both spain and the new world grew
\-they set up a merchants’ guild and formed a monopoly, which enabled them to control most of the trade with the spanish colonies and keep prices high
\-their control of the economies of both spain and the new world grew
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labour shortages
\-the encomienda system, the growing trade in cotton and tobacco, and the silver mines all required large amounts of labour
\-the native population had fallen owing to early death from diseases (including smallpox), overwork in silver mines, and mass killings in the early days of conquest
\-this resulted in labour shortages by the mid-1550s
\-the growing labour shortage started to lead to rising wages
\-the native population had fallen owing to early death from diseases (including smallpox), overwork in silver mines, and mass killings in the early days of conquest
\-this resulted in labour shortages by the mid-1550s
\-the growing labour shortage started to lead to rising wages
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the growth of the slave trade
\-bartholome de las casas was already suggesting in the 1520s that native labour could be replaced by african slaves, but later changed his mind
\-under the treaty of tordesillas, the spanish could not directly acquire slaves from west africa as the portuguese controlled the slave trade there
\-spanish merchants were granted licences to supply slaves to the new world. the licences were sold to the highest bidder. those who bought them could buy slaves from the portuguese and sell those slaves on to merchants in the new world for high prices. these slaves were then sold on to the encomenderos
\-under the treaty of tordesillas, the spanish could not directly acquire slaves from west africa as the portuguese controlled the slave trade there
\-spanish merchants were granted licences to supply slaves to the new world. the licences were sold to the highest bidder. those who bought them could buy slaves from the portuguese and sell those slaves on to merchants in the new world for high prices. these slaves were then sold on to the encomenderos
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the role of the house of trade (casa de contratacion)
\-established in 1503 by queen isabella
\-no spaniard could sail anywhere without the support of the casa
\-licensed captains of ships with many attending a navigation school based in seville, and administered the rules of business
\-collected all colonial taxes and duties. 20% tax charged on precious metals (the royal fifth)
\-approved all voyages of exploration and trade and maintained secret information on trade routes and new discoveries of land.
\-no spaniard could sail anywhere without the support of the casa
\-licensed captains of ships with many attending a navigation school based in seville, and administered the rules of business
\-collected all colonial taxes and duties. 20% tax charged on precious metals (the royal fifth)
\-approved all voyages of exploration and trade and maintained secret information on trade routes and new discoveries of land.
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the council of the indies
\-formed in 1514
\-based in spain and consisted of a president and eight councillors
\-controlled all matters involving the new world
\-members would discuss the messages or despatches recieved from viceroys in the new world, review them and make recommendations to the king as to what action should be taken
\-once a royal decision was made, it would be sent back to the council of indies and from the council to the viceroys in different parts of the new world
\
\-based in spain and consisted of a president and eight councillors
\-controlled all matters involving the new world
\-members would discuss the messages or despatches recieved from viceroys in the new world, review them and make recommendations to the king as to what action should be taken
\-once a royal decision was made, it would be sent back to the council of indies and from the council to the viceroys in different parts of the new world
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Flashcards (80)