Anatomy7:Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts related to the gluteal region and posterior thigh muscles, their anatomy, actions, and clinical significance.

Gluteus Medius

Muscle responsible for the abduction and medial rotation of the thigh.

Piriformis

Muscle that laterally rotates and abducts the femur at the hip joint.

Obturator Internus

Muscle that laterally rotates and abducts the femur at the hip joint, passing through the lesser sciatic foramen.

Iliotibial Tract

Thickened lateral part of the fascia lata that stabilizes the knee.

Superior Gluteal Nerve

Nerve that innervates the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus.

Trendelenburg Sign

Clinical sign of weak hip abduction, indicated by pelvic drop on the swing side.

Biceps Femoris

Hamstring muscle that flexes the leg at the knee and extends the thigh at the hip.

Semitendinosus

Hamstring muscle that flexes the leg at the knee and extends the thigh at the hip.

Semimembranosus

Hamstring muscle responsible for flexing the leg at the knee and extending the thigh at the hip.

Saphenous Opening

Opening that allows the saphenous vein to pass from superficial fascia to deep fascia.

Femoral Triangle

Anatomical area containing the femoral nerve, artery, vein, and lymphatics.

Femoral Sheath

Funnel-shaped fascia surrounding the femoral artery and vein within the triangle.

Quadratus Femoris

Muscle that laterally rotates the femur at the hip joint.

Gemellus Superior

Muscle originating from the ischial spine, assisting in lateral rotation of the femur.

Gemellus Inferior

Muscle originating from the ischial tuberosity, assisting in lateral rotation of the femur.

Adductor Longus

Muscle of the thigh responsible for adducting the thigh at the hip joint.

Rectus Femoris

Part of the quadriceps that extends the knee and flexes the thigh at the hip.

Sartorius

Muscle that flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the thigh at the hip joint.

Vastus Medialis

Quadriceps muscle important for extending the knee.

Vastus Lateralis

Quadriceps muscle that extends the leg at the knee.

Pectineus

Muscle that adducts and flexes the thigh at the hip joint.

Tendon of the Biceps Femoris

Inserts into the fibula and lateral collateral ligament.

Significance of the Femoral Canal

Contains lymphatics and an empty space, clinically relevant for hernias.

Medial Compartment Muscles

Muscles that adduct the thigh, including gracilis and adductor magnus.

Lateral Compartment of the Thigh

Muscles that abduct and laterally rotate the thigh.

Fascia Lata

Deep fascia that encases the thigh and contributes to the iliotibial tract.

Clinical Relevance of Hamstrings

Common injuries include strains and tears, often in sports.

Origin of the Piriformis

Anterolateral surface of the sacrum.

Insertion of the Obturator Internus

Greater trochanter of the femur.

Gluteus Maximus

Largest muscle in the body; extends and laterally rotates the thigh.

Tensor Fasciae Latae

Muscle that stabilizes the knee in extension and holds the head of the femur.

Action of the Gluteus Minimus

Abducts the lower limb at the hip joint and minimizes pelvic drop.

Hamstring Muscle Group

Includes biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus.

Anatomical Boundaries of the Femoral Triangle

Iliac crest, inguinal ligament, adductor longus, sartorius.

Acetabulum

Socket of the hip joint where the head of the femur sits.

Clinical Significance of the Ischial Tuberosity

Site of attachment for hamstring muscles, common injury site in sports.

Origin of the Semitendinosus and Long Head of Biceps Femoris

Ischial tuberosity.

Action of the Quadriceps Muscles

Primarily extends the knee.

Innervation of the Quadriceps

Femoral nerve.

Function of the Hamstrings

Flex the leg at the knee and extend the thigh at the hip.

Deep Fascia of the Thigh

Intermuscular septa divides muscles into compartments.

Saphenous Vein

Superficial vein that drains blood from the leg.

Accessory Structures of the Thigh

Lymph nodes and fascia that contribute to mobility and stability.

Lateral Rotation of the Thigh

Action performed by the deep gluteal muscles.

Muscles of the Hip Joint

Include gluteal muscles, iliopsoas, and quadriceps.

Nerve Supply of the Gluteal Region

Includes inferior and superior gluteal nerves.

Function of Gemelli Muscles

Assist in lateral rotation and abduction of the femur.

Important Aspect of Hip Joint Movements

Involves flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation.

Clinical Application of the Trendelenburg Sign

Used to diagnose superior gluteal nerve damage.

Deep Muscles of the Hip

Includes piriformis, obturator internus, and quadratus femoris.

Superficial Group of Gluteal Muscles

Includes gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus.

Boundary of the Femoral Sheath

Structures are contained within their own fascial compartment.

deep group muscles

lateral rotate femur at hip joint 

deep muscles

piriformis, obterator internus and externus, gemellus superior and inferior, quadratus femoris

obturator externus origin

anterior surface of obturator membrane and bony parts of obturator foramen

obturator externus insertion

femur( trochanteric fossa)

obturator externus action

lateral rotation of the thigh

gemelli superior origin

ischial spine

gemellus inferior origin

ischial tuberosity

insertion of both gemelli

tendon of the obturator internus

gemelli action

lateral rotation and abduction of the femur at the hip joint

quadratus femoris origin

near ischial tuberosity

quadratus femoris insertion

proximal femur 

quadratus femoris action

lateral rotation of the femur at the hip joint

deep gluteal muscles

PGOGOQ

superficial muscles

gluteus minimus and medius 

minimus and medius origin

ilium

minimus and medius insertion

greater trochanter of the femur

minimus and medius action

abduction of the lower limb at the hip joint + reduces pelvic drop over the opposite swing limb during walking

minimus and medius innervation

superior gluteal nerve

Trendelenburg sign

weak abduction of the hip due to damage of the superior gluteal nerve

pelvic drop over the sing lab

patient drop over the swing limb

patient compensates by moving trunk to the affected site

gluteus maximus origin

broad over ilium, sacrum, and coccyx

gluteus maximus insertion

iliotibial tract and proximal femur at gluteal tuberosity

gluteus maximus action

extension of the flexed thigh at the hip joints

gluteus maximus innervation

inferior gluteal nerve

tensor fascia latae 

most anterior muscle overlying the mini and medi

tensor fascia latae origin

iliac crest

tensor fascia latae insertion

iliotibial tract

tensor fascia latae action

stabalizes knee in extention, STABALIZES HIP JOINT BY HOLDING HEAD OF FEMUR IN ACETABULUM

tensor fascia latae innervation

superior gluteal nerve

saphenous opening

opening in anterior thigh just inferior to the medial inguinal ligament 

allows for vein to pass from superficial to deep fascia and connects to femoral vein

femoral triangle boundaries

base: inguinal ligament

medial: adductor longus

lateral: sartorius

femoral triangle contents

NAVEL

nerve artery vein empty lymph

femoral sheath

sleeve of fascia surrounding NAVEL structures in the femoral triangle with each structure in its own covering.

most medial of femoral sheath

femoral canal containing lymphatics and empty space

superior border of femoral canal

femoral ring

clinical relevence of femoral sheath 

femoral hernia 

compartments of thigh

made by the fascia lata inventing the thigh and the muscles fully

compartments of the thigh

anterior: femoral nerve

posterior: sciatic nerve

medial: obturator nerve\

posterior compartment muscles 

biceps femoris 

semitendinosus 

semimembranosus

posterior compartment muscles that cross both the hip ad knee joints

all except short head of biceps femoris

biceps femoris

most lateral

long head of biceps femoris origin

semitendinosus muscle at the ischial tuberosity

short head of biceps femoris origin

shaft of femur

tendon of biceps femoris inserts

into the fibula and fibular collateral ligament

action of biceps femoris

flexes leg at knee joint, extends laterally rotates thigh at hip joint and knee joint

semitendinosus

medial to the biceps femoris 

semitendinosus origin

long head of the biceps femoris at the ischial tuberosity

semitendinosus insertion

proximal tibia

semitendinosus action

flexes leg at knee aand extends thigh at hip 

medially rotates thigh at hip and leg at knee