History EOY Y10

German Revolution

German Revolution

November 9, 1918 - Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates

Weimar Constitution

Adopted August 11, 1919

Spartacist Uprising

January 1919, suppressed by the Freikorps, leaders Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht killed

Kapp Putsch

March 1920, failed coup by Wolfgang Kapp

Political Assassinations

Matthias Erzberger (1921), Walther Rathenau (1922)

Hyperinflation

By November 1923, 4.2 trillion marks = 1 US dollar

Occupation of the Ruhr

January 1923 by French and Belgian troops

Introduction of the Rentenmark

November 1923 by Gustav Stresemann

Dawes Plan

1924, 800 million marks loan from the USA

Locarno Treaties

October 1925, series of agreements to stabilize borders

League of Nations Membership

September 1926

Young Plan

1929, reduced reparations to 112 billion marks over 59 years

Golden Age of Cinema

Films like "Metropolis" by Fritz Lang (1927)

Munich Putsch

November 8-9, 1923, Hitler sentenced to 5 years, served 9 months

Mein Kampf

Published in 1925, outlines Hitler's ideology

(GERMANY) Unemployment

By 1932, 6 million unemployed in Germany (30% of the workforce)

Reichstag Elections

Nazis won 107 seats in 1930, 230 seats in July 1932

Propaganda

Joseph Goebbels appointed head of propaganda in 1929

SA (Stormtroopers)

By 1932, membership around 400,000

Hitler appointed Chancellor

January 30 1933

Reichstag Fire

February 27, 1933, blamed on communists

Enabling Act

March 23, 1933, passed by 444 votes to 94

Night of the Long Knives

June 30, 1934, over 100 SA leaders killed

Death of Hindenburg

August 2, 1934, Hitler becomes Führer

Gestapo

Established April 1933, by 1939 had around 45,000 officers

SS

Expanded under Heinrich Himmler, responsible for internal security and the concentration camps

Joseph Goebbels

Appointed Minister of Propaganda in March 1933

Nazi Rallies

Annual Nuremberg Rallies, the 1934 rally was filmed by Leni Riefenstahl as "Triumph of the Will"

Public Works

Autobahns construction started in 1933, 3,800 km built by 1941

(Life in Nazi Germany 1933-1945) Rearmament

Military spending increased from 1% of GNP in 1933 to 23% in 1939

Women and Family Life

Law for the Encouragement of Marriage (1933) provided loans to newlyweds; Mother's Cross awards from 1938

Education and Indoctrination

Hitler Youth membership became compulsory in 1936, by 1939, 90% of German youth were members

Nuremberg Laws

Enacted in September 1935, stripped Jews of citizenship

Kristallnacht

November 9-10, 1938, around 100 Jews killed, 30,000 arrested

The Final Solution

Wansee Conference in January 1942 planned the genocide, resulting in the murder of 6 million Jews

Wartime Economy

Total war economy implemented by 1942, Albert Speer appointed Minister of Armaments

Allied Bombings

Dresden bombing (February 1945) killed approximately 25,000 people

Economic Boom

1920s GDP growth at an average of 4.2% per year

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

1922, raised tariffs to protect American industry

(USA Impact of WW1) Return of Soldiers

Approximately 4 million US soldiers demobilized by 1919

Red Scare

Palmer Raids (1919-1920) led to the arrest of 10,000 suspected radicals

Immigration Restrictions

Emergency quota act-3% national origins act-2%

Mass Production

Ford's Model T production, by 1927, one produced every 24 seconds

Electrical Appliances

By 1929, 60% of American households had electricity

Laissez-faire Economics

Presidents Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover promoted minimal government intervention

(USA Impact of WW1) Tax Cuts

Revenue Act of 1924, reduced top income tax rate from 58% to 46%

Consumer Credit

By 1929, Americans owed $3 billion in consumer debt

Advertising

Expenditure rose from $1.5 billion in 1919 to $3 billion in 1929

Bull Market

Stock prices increased by about 300% from 1924 to 1929

Speculation

By 1929, over 1.5 million Americans were involved in the stock market

Jazz Age

Emergence of jazz music with figures like Louis Armstrong

Prohibition

18th Amendment (1920), Volstead Act enforced it, leading to rise of speakeasies and organized crime

Flappers

woman who challenged traditional norms by wearing short skirts and bob haircuts

Racial Tensions

Tulsa Race Massacre (1921), estimated 300 Black residents killed

Scopes Trial

1925, John Scopes convicted for teaching evolution, fined $100

Sacco and Vanzetti

Executed in 1927, trial highlighted anti-immigrant sentiment

Income Inequality

Top 5% of the population received 33% of all income

(USA Impact of WW1) Farmers' Struggles

farm prices fell by 40% leading to debt

Labor Unrest

Major strikes like the Steel Strike of 1919, involving 350,000 workers

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929, Stock market lost $14 billion in one day

Causes of stock market crash

Speculation, overproduction, weaknesses in banking system

Bank Failures

5,000 banks closed between 1929 and 1932

Unemployment

Reached 25% by 1932, with over 12 million people out of work

Hoover's Policies

Limited intervention, believed in "rugged individualism"

Public Works Projects

Hoover Dam construction began in 1931

The Bonus Army

1932, WWI veterans demanded early payment of a promised bonus, dispersed by the army in July 1932

Hoovervilles

Shantytowns built by the homeless, symbolizing widespread poverty