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German Revolution
November 9, 1918 - Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates
Weimar Constitution
Adopted August 11, 1919
Spartacist Uprising
January 1919, suppressed by the Freikorps, leaders Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht killed
Kapp Putsch
March 1920, failed coup by Wolfgang Kapp
Political Assassinations
Matthias Erzberger (1921), Walther Rathenau (1922)
Hyperinflation
By November 1923, 4.2 trillion marks = 1 US dollar
Occupation of the Ruhr
January 1923 by French and Belgian troops
Introduction of the Rentenmark
November 1923 by Gustav Stresemann
Dawes Plan
1924, 800 million marks loan from the USA
Locarno Treaties
October 1925, series of agreements to stabilize borders
League of Nations Membership
September 1926
Young Plan
1929, reduced reparations to 112 billion marks over 59 years
Golden Age of Cinema
Films like "Metropolis" by Fritz Lang (1927)
Munich Putsch
November 8-9, 1923, Hitler sentenced to 5 years, served 9 months
Mein Kampf
Published in 1925, outlines Hitler's ideology
(GERMANY) Unemployment
By 1932, 6 million unemployed in Germany (30% of the workforce)
Reichstag Elections
Nazis won 107 seats in 1930, 230 seats in July 1932
Propaganda
Joseph Goebbels appointed head of propaganda in 1929
SA (Stormtroopers)
By 1932, membership around 400,000
Hitler appointed Chancellor
January 30 1933
Reichstag Fire
February 27, 1933, blamed on communists
Enabling Act
March 23, 1933, passed by 444 votes to 94
Night of the Long Knives
June 30, 1934, over 100 SA leaders killed
Death of Hindenburg
August 2, 1934, Hitler becomes Führer
Gestapo
Established April 1933, by 1939 had around 45,000 officers
SS
Expanded under Heinrich Himmler, responsible for internal security and the concentration camps
Joseph Goebbels
Appointed Minister of Propaganda in March 1933
Nazi Rallies
Annual Nuremberg Rallies, the 1934 rally was filmed by Leni Riefenstahl as "Triumph of the Will"
Public Works
Autobahns construction started in 1933, 3,800 km built by 1941
(Life in Nazi Germany 1933-1945) Rearmament
Military spending increased from 1% of GNP in 1933 to 23% in 1939
Women and Family Life
Law for the Encouragement of Marriage (1933) provided loans to newlyweds; Mother's Cross awards from 1938
Education and Indoctrination
Hitler Youth membership became compulsory in 1936, by 1939, 90% of German youth were members
Nuremberg Laws
Enacted in September 1935, stripped Jews of citizenship
Kristallnacht
November 9-10, 1938, around 100 Jews killed, 30,000 arrested
The Final Solution
Wansee Conference in January 1942 planned the genocide, resulting in the murder of 6 million Jews
Wartime Economy
Total war economy implemented by 1942, Albert Speer appointed Minister of Armaments
Allied Bombings
Dresden bombing (February 1945) killed approximately 25,000 people
Economic Boom
1920s GDP growth at an average of 4.2% per year
Fordney-McCumber Tariff
1922, raised tariffs to protect American industry
(USA Impact of WW1) Return of Soldiers
Approximately 4 million US soldiers demobilized by 1919
Red Scare
Palmer Raids (1919-1920) led to the arrest of 10,000 suspected radicals
Immigration Restrictions
Emergency quota act-3% national origins act-2%
Mass Production
Ford's Model T production, by 1927, one produced every 24 seconds
Electrical Appliances
By 1929, 60% of American households had electricity
Laissez-faire Economics
Presidents Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover promoted minimal government intervention
(USA Impact of WW1) Tax Cuts
Revenue Act of 1924, reduced top income tax rate from 58% to 46%
Consumer Credit
By 1929, Americans owed $3 billion in consumer debt
Advertising
Expenditure rose from $1.5 billion in 1919 to $3 billion in 1929
Bull Market
Stock prices increased by about 300% from 1924 to 1929
Speculation
By 1929, over 1.5 million Americans were involved in the stock market
Jazz Age
Emergence of jazz music with figures like Louis Armstrong
Prohibition
18th Amendment (1920), Volstead Act enforced it, leading to rise of speakeasies and organized crime
Flappers
woman who challenged traditional norms by wearing short skirts and bob haircuts
Racial Tensions
Tulsa Race Massacre (1921), estimated 300 Black residents killed
Scopes Trial
1925, John Scopes convicted for teaching evolution, fined $100
Sacco and Vanzetti
Executed in 1927, trial highlighted anti-immigrant sentiment
Income Inequality
Top 5% of the population received 33% of all income
(USA Impact of WW1) Farmers' Struggles
farm prices fell by 40% leading to debt
Labor Unrest
Major strikes like the Steel Strike of 1919, involving 350,000 workers
Black Tuesday
October 29, 1929, Stock market lost $14 billion in one day
Causes of stock market crash
Speculation, overproduction, weaknesses in banking system
Bank Failures
5,000 banks closed between 1929 and 1932
Unemployment
Reached 25% by 1932, with over 12 million people out of work
Hoover's Policies
Limited intervention, believed in "rugged individualism"
Public Works Projects
Hoover Dam construction began in 1931
The Bonus Army
1932, WWI veterans demanded early payment of a promised bonus, dispersed by the army in July 1932
Hoovervilles
Shantytowns built by the homeless, symbolizing widespread poverty
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