Grade 12 Religion Exam Review

Aristotle Theory

* teleological
* driven by purpose
* to seek a goal or reach soemone’s full potential by acting ethically and virtuous
* the mean

Kant Theory

* deontological
* driven by duty/obligation
* maxims
* universal law: treat another as an end, not just a mean
* achieving the supreme good

Levinas Theory

* ethics of the face
* driven by relationship
* face as unique - treat everyone ethically and creat bonds with everyone we meet
* face calls for responsibility - offer hospitality and present responsibility
* the face as ethical - treat the “Other” ethically despite the circumstances

Kant’s Maxims

1. universal law


1. i should act in a way that i would want everyone else in the world to act
2. an action is only ethical if it is universalized
2. treat another as an end , not just a mean


1. others must be seen as having value not just means for our benefit

ethical experiences

1. the scream


1. personal response
2. the beggar


1. the “Other”
3. i have to…


1. obligation
4. this is intolerable! this isn’t fair!


1. contrast

dimensions of conscience

* capacity - comparing to moral laws
* process - what is best?
* judgement - examine all factors and analyzing why we do what we do and why its right

symptoms of a misinformed conscience

* rationalization
* trivialization
* misinformation
* the end justifies the immoral means
* means to an end
* difficult to reason

Lucifer Effect

* to describe when an ordinary person crosses the boundary between good and evil to engage in an evil action
* occurs due to conformity and/or obedience to an unjust authority

types of determinism

* naturalism
* science reigns supreme
* predictable and straight-forward actions
* genetics
* religious determinism
* belief-based
* predestination (NOT providence)
* social determinism
* past experiences → future actions
* others influence

providence

* opposite of religious determinism
* while god has influence upon events and actions, human choice and freedom remains

conceptual framework of action

* created by Paul Ricoeur
* Who? The Agent
* What? The Action
* Why? The Motive
* How? With what means?
* Under what circumstances?
* What surroundings?
* With or against who?
* With what outcome?

avenues and roadblocks

avenues

* trust
* hope
* acceptance
* “i” message

roadblocks

* self-protection
* win-lose attitude
* stereotyping and judging
* “you” message

3 aspects of communication

* 55% body language
* 38% listening
* 7% vocal

Zimbardo’s keys to heroic imagination

1. remain mindful
2. dont fear conflict
3. imagine alternative scenarios
4. resist the urge to rationalize inaction
5. dont be afraid of negative consequences

hero-in-waiting

* everyone has the potential to become a hero, but it is up to them to become one

STOP method

* method of moral decision-making


* **S-** search out the facts
* **T-** think about alternatives and consequences
* **O-** effects on others and listening to advice
* **P-** prayer

end

* the final goal or aim of what we are doing

means

* how we achieve that goal or how we go about getting there

absolutism

* one single /universal rule on standard
* church’s pov

relativism

* denies that there is a single universal standard
* societies pov

ethics

* criteria we use for making right judgements
* what __should__ you do?
* ethics guide morality

morality

* obligations to follow certain codes, norms, customs & habits of behaviour
* what __would__ you do?
* action

teleology

* the design to purpose of something

deontology

* the study of duty or obligation

human excellence

* the habit of becoming virtuous and choosing to continually act alongside the virtues

the mean

* the avoid excess by seeking moderation

magisterium

* the teaching authority of the Church
* communicates the Church’s position on ethical issues

conscience

* the judgement of reason by which the human person recognizes the moral quality of a concrete act (what is right or wrong)

bystander effect

* in a crowd, people often do not come to a persoa’s assistance because of the thought that “others will help”
* responsibility diffused among the group o no one feels responsible to act

free will

* internal
* selecting a course of action

freedom

* external
* completing the action

**UNIT CHANGE**

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contract vs. covenant

contract

* a legally binding agreement to do or not do something
* “this is yours, this is mine”
* mutual advantage
* temporary

covenant

* an ancient construct wherein 2 parties promise to do something or not do something
* considered immoral to break it
* “I am your, and you are mine”
* mutual sacrifice
* permanent and sacred

3 elements of a biblical covenant

* BOND made by God with humans
* bond in BLOOD to signify lifelong commitment
* bond in blood UNILATERALLY

true prophets

* do not call attention to themselves
* question their worth while God calls them to a task
* promotes unity, peace, and justice
* willing to sacrifice their lives
* concerned about others

false prophets

* seek personal glory, praise and rewards
* rarely go above and beyond to confront threats of harm
* selfish

narrow gate

* doing the more difficult thing that introduces the Catholic right thing to do

St. Paul’s story

* was a strict non-believer of Jesus until he was called by God
* he was blinded
* he then became an avid believer of Jesus and faith
* built the first Church and spread the word of God

levels of conversion

* intellectual level
* an awareness and openness to truth and true knowing
* moral level
* when I recognize myself as free and responsible
* religious level
* my preoccupation with myself is taken over with the love of God and love for others

the sacraments

1. sacraments of initiation


1. baptism *(water & light)*
2. eucharist *(bread & wine)*
3. confirmation *(oil & touch)*
2. sacraments of healing


1. reconciliation *(touch)*
2. anointing of the sick *(oil & touch)*
3. sacraments of vocation


1. marriage *(touch, ring & embrace)*
2. holy orders *(oil & touch)*

types of prayer

* vocal
* meditation
* contemplation

corporal vs spiritual works of mercy

corporal

* feeding the hungry
* clothe the naked
* shelter the homeless
* visit the sick

spiritual

* to forgive
* to pray for the living and dead
* bear wrongs patiently
* counsel the doubtful

catholic social teachings

* life and dignity of a human person
* call to family, community, and participation
* rights and responsibility
* option for and with the poor and vulnerable
* dignity of work and rights of workers
* solidarity
* care for gods creation

forgiveness

* it is a decision, not a feeling
* coupled with truth and justice - a release
* gives us freedom, sets us free from the anchor that is preventing us from moving forward

liberalist

* people who read and understand Bible passages literally and according to real-life phrases

contextualist

* people who use historical/context clues in the Bible to read and understand it to its full potential

venial sin

* does not completely separate us from God
* a cooling period with God
* injures our spiritual relationship

mortal sin

* a complete break in one’s relationship with God
* not always a single act
* sin is grave in matter
* committed with full knowledge
* committed with deliberate consent

personal sin

* an act against God that is between individuals
* ex. lying, cheating, stealing

sin of omission

* failing to do what is right
* things you know you should do, but dont

sin of commission

* doing the wrong thing
* thing you know you should not do, but do anyways

exegesis

* approach of reading the bible by pulling information by what it says
* learning from what is right there

eisegesis

* approach of reading the bible by inputting our own information into what it says

hermeneutic

* the art or science of interpretation
* what would have this author meant?
* what would this have meant to the original reader it was intended for?

social sin

* effects those around you (does not impact yourself at all)
* ex. racism, bullying, pollution

anthropocentrism

* a worldview that considers the human being as the most significant entity in the universe (humans living on Earth)

theocentrism

* a worldview that considers God to be the most significant entity of the universe (the Earth housing us)

**UNIT CHANGE**

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Kohlberg theory

* 6 levels of moral reasoning
* (PRE) avoiding punishment
* (PRE) self interest & rewards
* social approval
* obeying authority & confronting o social norms
* (POST) balance of social order & individual rights
* (POST) internal moral principles

Fowler theory

1. Imaginative faith (young childhood)
2. literal faith (ages 7-11)


1. group faith (teens-20 y/o)
2. personal faith (20+)


1. mystical faith (religion teacher)
2. sacrificial faith (holy orders)

Erikson theory

1. Trust vs Mistrust


1. birth -12 months
2. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt


1. 1-3 years
3. Initiative vs. Guilt


1. 4-5 years
4. Industry vs. Inferiority


1. grades K-6
5. Identity vs. Identity Confusion


1. adolescence
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation


1. early childhood
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation


1. middle adulthood
8. Integrity vs. Disparity


1. late adulthood

theological virtues

* faith
* belief in God
* hope
* trust in God to deliver everlasting life
* love/charity
* love of God and love of neighbour

cardinal virtues

* prudence
* wisdom to stop and think before we act
* justice
* seeking to promote fairness and equality among all
* temperance
* self control, resisting temptation, knowing your limits
* fortitude
* perseverance during difficult times or courage to do the right thing

7 deadly sins and their virtues

1. pride → humility
2. envy → gratitude
3. greed → generosity
4. lust → chastity
5. anger → forgiveness
6. gluttony → self-discipline
7. sloth → diligence

euthanasia

* the practice of intentionally ending a life to relieve pain and suffering
* legalized in Canada on February 9, 2015 *(voluntary active and passive, & non-voluntary passive)*
* voluntary, non-voluntary, & involuntary (active and passive)
* church does not agree with ending a sacred life prematurely
* ethical, practice, & religious arguments

palliative care

* specialized medical care for people living with a serous illness
* double effect
* church agree to palliative care under most circumstances

double effect

* given certain circumstances, we may engage in such neutral actions
* the action must be either good or neutral
* the good cannot be obtained by means of evil
* the evil effects must not be intended
* the good effects must be sufficiently desirable for allowing the evil effect to take place (there must be a reason as to why the action is evil)

vocation and its levels

* a calling from God
* married life - called to be a good parent or spouse
* single life - called to be a generous disciple who lives as a friend, family member, or colleage
* religious life - called to a religious order

characteristics of love

* treat other with respect
* honesty and understanding
* commitment and loyalty
* communication
* enjoy spending time together
* let each other grow and develop

what is and isn’t love?

love is…

* fosters the good in the other
* demands patience, compromise, and understanding
* caring for the needs of someone else
* doing for others what you would wish for yourself
* respecting a person’s uniqueness and boundaries
* requires us to take painful steps for the good of the other sometimes
* forgiving

love isn’t

* judgemental
* something that creates insecurities
* based solely on physical desires or attraction
* based on one person’s needs to wants
* isolating
* selfish

biblical tips for dating

* become a healthy person
* date a healthy person
* see dating as an opportunity for encouragement
* maintain physical boundaries
* bring it to god

Church’s definition of marriage

* a permanent and faithful love bond made freely
* a deliberate choice and promise by 2 people for each other over any and all others

social justice

* obligations we have toward our community, larger society, & the world as a whole

distributive justice

* obligations of government, corporations, in the distribution of societies resources

ecological justice

* concerned with obligations that human beings have to all of God’s creation

restorative justice

* making amends by bringing together victims and offenders to promote peace

individual justice

* concerned with obligations between individuals, fairness, & respect in 1-to-1 relationships

chastity

* the virtue that moderates the desire for sexual pleasure according to the principles of faith and right reason

celibacy

* choice to refrain from sexual activity, usually having to do with a vow in religious orders

infatuation

* physical attraction toward another person (no deep connection)

abstinence

* The ability to refrain from indulging in something

modesty

* an integral part of temperance. Modesty protects the intimate center of the person. It means refusing to unveil what should remain hidden

fidelity

* the virtue that allows us to persevere in living out an unswerving commitment

bioethics

* the study of morals based on the technological advances in biology and medicine

virtue

* a habit that perfects the powers of the soul and disposes you to do good

injustice

* both the lack of concern for and the violation of the well-being of others and ourselves

justice

* striving to ensure the well-being of others as well as ourselves