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culture
the beliefs, values, practices, behaviors, and technologies shared by a society and passed down from generation to generation
culture trait
At the tip of the cultural iceberg are material objects shared by a group, such as food and clothing, as well as language and other shared cultural practices, which include activities that most group members do. Each attribute is considered to be a(n) _______________.
artifact
the visible objects and technologies that a culture creates, such as houses and buildings, clothing, tools, toys, and and-use practices. They change readily/often.
Sociofact
structures and organizations that influence social behavior, such as families, governments, educational systems, and religious organizations
mentifact
the central, enduring elements of a culture that reflect its shared ideas, values, knowledge, and beliefs—are the slowest to change. Examples include religious beliefs and language
cultural landscape
A natural landscape that has been modified by humans, reflecting their cultural beliefs and values,
identity
how humans make sense of themselves and how they wish to be viewed by others
sequent occupancy
successive societies, one after another, leave behind their cultural imprint, a collection of evidence about human character and experiences within a geographic region, which shapes the cultural landscape
ethnicity
the state of belonging to a group of people who share common cultural characteristics
ethnic neighborhood
cultural landscapes within communities of people outside of their areas of origin; examples are Chinatown in Vancouver or Little Italy in New York
traditional architecture
established building styles of different cultures, religions, and places—was originally influenced by the environment and is based on localized needs and construction materials. It tends to reflect local traditions, and usually evolves over time to reflect the environmental, cultural, and historical context in which it exists
postmodern architecture
"a desire to make architecture a vehicle of cultural expression". Values diversity in design and public spaces that can be enjoyed by anyone are integral
religion
a system of spiritual beliefs that helps form cultural perceptions, attitudes, beliefs, and values—the motives behind observable cultural behaviors and practices
pilgrimage
a journey to a holy place for spiritual reasons
language
the carrier of human thoughts and cultural identities, a system of communication in speech or in a literary tradition, or both, which has been adopted by a group of people over time
toponym
place names
gendered spaces
certain spaces may be designed and deliberately incorporated into the landscape to accommodate traditional male and female roles
safe spaces
spaces of acceptance for people such as members of the LGBTQIA+ community who are sometimes marginalized by society
gentrification
the renovations and improvements conforming to middle-class preferences in a community or portion of a, this process is common to many urban landscapes and generally ends in improved buildings and common spaces along with higher prices for renting and buying a place to live in affected areas
third place
communal space such as a coffee shop, fitness center, or bookstore that is separate from home (first place) or work (second place)
sense of place
People fill a geographic location with meaning by connecting memories and feelings to it. As memories and stories of a place accumulate, transform, and even fade over time, an individual's interpretations will continue to adjust, which impacts that person's understanding of that place.
placemaking
a community-driven process in which people collaborate to create a place where they can live, work, play, and learn facilitates creative patterns of use of a landscape, and in turn, the landscape reflects the culture, feelings, experiences, and perceptions of the people who use the place
gender identity
"one's innermost concept of self as male, female, a blend of both or neither—how individuals perceive themselves and what they call themselves...(this) can be the same or different from their sex assigned at birth."
dialect
a variation of a standard language specific to a general area, It is distinguished by differences in pronunciation, degree of rapidity in speech, word choice, and spelling
adherents
the people who are loyal to a belief, religion, or organization
denominations
sometimes religious branches split and form separate organizations that unite a number of local congregations
sect
in religions, this is a relatively small group that has separated from an established denomination
centripetal force
a force that unites a group of people
centrifugal force
a force that divides groups of people
lingua franca
the common language used among speakers of different languages
creolization
Sometimes, rather than leading to the adoption of a common cultural trait, interactions between cultures can result in two or more cultural elements blending. This process is called __________ when specifically referring to the syncretism of cultures in the Americas that resulted from interactions between European colonizers, African slaves, and Indigenous peoples. This process is displayed in language. Examples can be heard in Haiti and Louisiana today. Describes the process of acculturation in which Amerindian, European, and African traditions and customs have blended with each other over a prolonged period to create new cultures in the New World. These cultural traits are found in the southern United States, parts of Latin America, and in the Caribbean.
cultural convergence
As cultures interact with one another, they become more similar, sharing and adopting one another's ideas, innovations, and other cultural traits
cultural divergence
Conflicting beliefs or other barriers can cause two cultures to become less similar. This process is called...
acculturation
people within one culture adopt some of the traits of another while still retaining their own distinct culture
assimilation
a category of acculturation in which the interaction of two cultures results in one culture adopting almost all of the customs, traditions, language, and other cultural traits of the other
syncretism
Sometimes traits from two or more cultures blend together to form a new custom, idea, value, or practice. This process of innovation combining different cultural features into something new is called...
Multiculturalism
Sometimes diverse cultures coexist within a shared space. People in these spaces do not belong solely to one culture or another. They may share some cultural features with others around them while retaining some of their original cultural traits. Ideally, it can create an atmosphere of acceptance and lead to a rich, vibrant blend of cultural traits
collectivist cultures
societies where people are expected to conform to a primary responsibility within the family and to be obedient to and respectful of elder family members
language family
the largest grouping of related languages and includes those languages that share a common ancestral language from a particular hearth or origin
isolated language
one that is not assigned a language family, has no known historic or linguistic relationship with any other known language
language branch
The second level in the language hierarchy in which languages share a common origin and were separated from other branches in the same family thousands of years ago
language group
languages within a branch that share a common ancestor in the relatively recent past and have vocabularies with a high degree of overlap
universalizing religion
attempt to appeal to a wide variety of people and are open to membership by all, regardless of a person's location, language, or ethnicity
ethnic religion
Religion that is closely tied with a particular region or family group. Examples include Hinduism and Judaism, as well as Shinto, found in Japan; Confucianism and Taoism, which originated in China; and the indigenous religions of Africa, North and South America, and Oceania
secularized
not religious